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"Axis of Upheaval" is a term coined in 2024 by Center for a New American Security foreign policy analysts Richard Fontaine and Andrea Kendall-Taylor and used by many foreign policy analysts,[1][2][3] military officials,[4][5] and international groups[6] to describe the growing anti-Western collaboration between Russia, Iran, China and North Korea beginning in the early 2020s. It has also been called the "axis of autocracies",[7][8][9] "quartet of chaos",[10][11][12][13] the "deadly quartet"[14] or "CRINK".[15][a]
The loose alliance generally represented itself in diplomatic addresses and public statements as an "anti-hegemony" and "anti-imperialist" coalition with intentions to challenge what it deemed to be a Western-dominated global order to reshape international relations into a multipolar order according to their shared interests. While not a formal bloc, these nations have increasingly coordinated their economic, military, and diplomatic efforts, making strong efforts to aid each other to undermine Western influence.[1]
- ^ a b Kendall-Taylor, Andrea; Fontaine, Richard (2024-04-23). "The Axis of Upheaval". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 103, no. 3. ISSN 0015-7120. Archived from the original on 2024-09-09. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
- ^ Geri, Maurizio (2024-07-12). "NATO-EU failing energy strategy against the 'Axis of Upheaval' turns on a DIME". Friends of Europe. Archived from the original on 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
- ^ Glosserman, Brad (2024-05-28). "Echoes of 1962, the Berlin crisis and a world teetering on war". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (2024-07-30). "'Axis of upheaval' adds urgency to review of UK defence spending". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-09-09. Retrieved 2024-08-01., Axis of Resistance,
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (2024-07-23). "Army chief says UK must double its lethality or be prepared for war in 2027". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-09-09. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
- ^ "NATO Public Forum: The Axis of Upheaval featuring CSIS's Jon B. Alterman". Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2024-07-23. Archived from the original on 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
- ^ "Former NATO Chief Warns Against 'Axis of Autocracies'". Voice of America. 19 January 2024.
- ^ Stallard, Katie (14 September 2023). "Welcome to Putin and Kim's parallel reality". New Statesman.
- ^ "The West's Next Challenge Is the Rising Axis of Autocracies". The Wall Street Journal. 24 August 2024.
- ^ "Sarah Paine outlines how America should deal with the "quartet of chaos"". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- ^ "Sarah Paine outlines how America should deal with the "quartet of chaos"". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- ^ "Can Europe stop the 'quartet of chaos'? | Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank". www.chathamhouse.org. 2024-12-09. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- ^ "Biden administration rolls out new plan on 'quartet of chaos'". Voice of America. 2024-12-11. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (2024-07-30). "'Axis of upheaval' adds urgency to review of UK defence spending". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-09-09. Retrieved 2024-08-01., Axis of Resistance,
- ^ a b "World Figures Convene in Canada To Address Threats Posed By CRINK". Iran International. Iran International Newsroom. November 21, 2023. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
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