Back Gobiernu de Beiyang AST Beiyang-regeringen Danish Beiyang-Regierung German Gobierno de Beiyang Spanish بئی یانگ Persian Gouvernement de Beiyang French ממשלת בייאנג HE Pemerintahan Beiyang ID Governo Beiyang Italian 北京政府 Japanese
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2015) |
Republic of China 中華民國 Zhōnghuá Mínguó | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1912–1928 | |||||||||||||
| Anthem: Various
| |||||||||||||
National seal.svg) | |||||||||||||
 The Republic of China between 1912 and 1928 | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Beijing | ||||||||||||
| Largest city | Shanghai | ||||||||||||
| Official languages | Standard Chinese | ||||||||||||
| Government | Alternatively federal parliamentary republic and presidential republic
| ||||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||||
• 1912–1916 (first) | Yuan Shikai | ||||||||||||
• 1927–1928 (last) | Zhang Zuolin[note 1] | ||||||||||||
| Premier | |||||||||||||
• 1912 (first) | Tang Shaoyi | ||||||||||||
• 1927–1928 (last) | Pan Fu | ||||||||||||
| Legislature | National Assembly | ||||||||||||
| Senate | |||||||||||||
| House of Representative | |||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
• Presidential inauguration of Yuan Shikai | 10 March 1912 | ||||||||||||
• Legislative Yuan opened meeting | 8 April 1913 | ||||||||||||
| 4 May 1919 | |||||||||||||
• Northern Expedition started | 9 July 1926 | ||||||||||||
| 4 June 1928 | |||||||||||||
| 29 December 1928 | |||||||||||||
| Currency | Chinese yuan | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
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The Beiyang government[note 2] was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of China between 1912 and 1928, based in Beijing. It was dominated by the generals of the Beiyang Army, giving it its name.
Beiyang general Yuan Shikai gave Sun Yat-sen the military support he needed to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish the Republic of China in 1912. Through his control of the army, Yuan was quickly able to dominate the new Republic.[5] Although the government and the state were nominally under civilian control through the Republic's constitution, Yuan and his generals were effectively in charge of it. After Yuan's death in 1916, the army split into various warlord factions competing for power, leading to a period of civil war called the Warlord Era. Nevertheless, the government maintained its legitimacy among the great powers, receiving diplomatic recognition, foreign loans, and access to tax and customs revenue.
Its legitimacy was seriously challenged in 1917, by Sun Yat-sen's Guangzhou-based Kuomintang (KMT) government movement. His successor Chiang Kai-shek defeated the Beiyang warlords during the Northern Expedition between 1926 and 1928, and overthrew the factions and the government, effectively unifying the country in 1928. The Kuomintang proceeded to install its nationalist government in Nanjing;[6] China's political order became a one-party state, and the Kuomintang government subsequently received international recognition as the legitimate government of China.
- ^ "Zhang Zuolin". Britannica. Retrieved 2025-02-24.
- ^ Moore, Frederick (1927-06-18). "CHANG TSO-LIN MADE DICTATOR IN MOVE TO BEAT BACK SOUTH; Northerners Pool Armies and Will Stiffen Resistance Against Oncoming Chiang in Shantung. PEACE NEGOTIATIONS FAIL Victory for". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
- ^ "ULTIMATUM ORDERS PEKING CABINET OUT; Wu Pei-fu, With Troops Already Moving, Gives Liang Shih-yi Three Days to Resign. CIVIL WAR BELIEVED NEAR Rival Threatens Attack Unless Chang Tso-lin Dictatorship Ends Within a Week". The New York Times. 1922-01-16. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
- ^ "MYSTERY ENVELOPS; Some Say Ex-Peking Dictator Is Dead, but Others Insist He Is Alive, Badly Wounded". The New York Times. 1928-06-07. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
- ^ Gao, James Z. (2009). Historical dictionary of modern China (1800–1949). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. p. 22. ISBN 978-0810863088. OCLC 592756156.
- ^ Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2007). The Nanking atrocity, 1937–38 : complicating the picture. New York: Berghahn. pp. 202. ISBN 978-1845451806. OCLC 76898087.
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