| U.S. congressional opposition to American involvement in wars and interventions |
|---|
 |
| 1812 North America |
| House Federalists’ Address |
| 1847 Mexican–American War |
| Spot Resolutions |
| 1917 World War I |
| Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill |
| 1935–1939 |
| Neutrality Acts |
| 1935–1940 |
| Ludlow Amendment |
| 1970 Vietnam |
| McGovern–Hatfield Amendment |
| 1970 Southeast Asia |
| Cooper–Church Amendment |
| 1971 Vietnam |
| Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution |
| 1973 Southeast Asia |
| Case–Church Amendment |
| 1973 |
| War Powers Resolution |
| 1974 |
| Hughes–Ryan Amendment |
| 1976 Angola |
| Clark Amendment |
| 1982 Nicaragua |
| Boland Amendment |
| 2007 Iraq |
| House Concurrent Resolution 63 |
| 2011 Libyan War |
| House Joint Resolution 68 |
| 2013 Syrian Civil War |
| Syria Resolution |
| 2018–2019 Yemen |
| Yemen War Powers Resolution |
The Boland Amendment is a term describing a series of U.S. legislative amendments passed between 1982 and 1986, aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the Contras in Nicaragua. The Reagan Administration supplied funding and military training to the Contras until revelations of human rights abuses led Congress to cut off aid through the Boland Amendment.[1] The Boland Amendment was passed over a series of five legislative amendments that increasingly restricted forms of aids and the source of the aid.[2]
The most significant effect of the Boland Amendment was the Iran–Contra affair, during which the Reagan Administration circumvented the Amendment in order to continue supplying arms to the Contras.[3] This was achieved by funneling money to the Contras that was generated by secret arms sales to Iran. When revealed to the public, Congress attempted to prosecute Vice Admiral John M. Poindexter, U.S. Navy (USN), and his deputy, Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, U.S. Marine Corps (USMC), for their direct role in the affair. President Ronald Reagan, while implicated, was not directly linked to the affair and avoided similar attempts at prosecution.[4]
- ^ "The Wars for Central America", We Begin Bombing in Five Minutes, University of Massachusetts Press, pp. 121–144, 2021-08-27, doi:10.2307/j.ctv1x675t8.11, retrieved 2024-11-25
- ^ Timbers, Edwin (1990). "Legal and Institutional Aspects of the Iran-Contra Affair". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 20 (1): 31–41. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 20700112.
- ^ Douville, Alex (2012). The Iran-Contra Affair (Report). Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. pp. 87–148.
- ^ Douville, Alex (2012). The Iran-Contra Affair (Report). Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. pp. 87–148.