Book of Malachi

Isaiah	Yeshayahu
Jeremiah	Yirmeyahu
Ezekiel	Yekhezqel

Joshua	Yehoshua
Judges	Shofetim
Samuel	Shemuel
Kings	Melakhim

Genesis	Bereshit
Exodus	Shemot
Leviticus	Wayiqra
Numbers	Bemidbar
Deuteronomy	Devarim

The Book of Malachi (Hebrew: מַלְאָכִ֔י, romanized: Malʾāḵī) is the last book of the Nevi'im in the Tanakh and canonically the final book of the Twelve Minor Prophets. In most Christian traditions, the prophetic books form the last section of the Old Testament, making Malachi the last book before the New Testament. The book has four chapters.

The author of Malachi may or may not have been identified by the title itself. While often understood as a proper name, its Hebrew meaning is simply "my messenger" (the Septuagint translates it as "his messenger"). It was not a proper name at the time of its writing. Jewish tradition states that the book was written by the Scribe Ezra.

Most scholars believe the book underwent multiple stages of redaction.^[1] The majority of its text originates in the Persian period; the oldest portions dating to c. 500 BCE. Later modifications occurred into the Hellenistic period.^[2]

^ Kessler, Rainer. 2011. Maleachi. pp. 59–61. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament, Freiburg, Germany: Herder.
^ Schart, Aaron (2021). Julia M. O'Brien (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Oxford University Press. pp. 540–542. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.32. ISBN 978-0-19-067320-8. Most commentators consider the book of Malachi to be the product of multiple redactional activities (see O'Brien 1990, 51–57; Kessler 2011, 59–61)...In sum, the oldest stratum of the book is likely to date to around 500. Most of the text originates from the Achaemenid period. In general, the Persians pursued a policy of peaceful and harmonious unification of nations under Persian domination. The writing of Malachi seems to accept the Persian rule. Kessler (2011) dates the final form of the writing of Malachi later, in the fourth century. Reflections of Hellenization in the wake of Alexander the Great are rare, however. Noetzel considers Ptolemaic influence for the idea that the "sun of righteousness" brings healing (2015). The appendix in 4:5–6 [Heb. 3:23–24], which refers to a profound generation conflict, resonates with the tensions between those who opened themselves to Hellenization and those who strictly rejected it. Ecclesiasticus 49:10 mentions the "twelve prophets" around 180 BCE, probably presupposing the Book of the Twelve Prophets as a scroll. At this time, the book of Malachi must have been almost finished.

[1] Kessler, Rainer. 2011. Maleachi. pp. 59–61. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament, Freiburg, Germany: Herder.

[2] Schart, Aaron (2021). Julia M. O'Brien (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Minor Prophets. Oxford University Press. pp. 540–542. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190673208.013.32. ISBN 978-0-19-067320-8. Most commentators consider the book of Malachi to be the product of multiple redactional activities (see O'Brien 1990, 51–57; Kessler 2011, 59–61)...In sum, the oldest stratum of the book is likely to date to around 500. Most of the text originates from the Achaemenid period. In general, the Persians pursued a policy of peaceful and harmonious unification of nations under Persian domination. The writing of Malachi seems to accept the Persian rule. Kessler (2011) dates the final form of the writing of Malachi later, in the fourth century. Reflections of Hellenization in the wake of Alexander the Great are rare, however. Noetzel considers Ptolemaic influence for the idea that the "sun of righteousness" brings healing (2015). The appendix in 4:5–6 [Heb. 3:23–24], which refers to a profound generation conflict, resonates with the tensions between those who opened themselves to Hellenization and those who strictly rejected it. Ecclesiasticus 49:10 mentions the "twelve prophets" around 180 BCE, probably presupposing the Book of the Twelve Prophets as a scroll. At this time, the book of Malachi must have been almost finished.

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Book of Malachi

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