Chera Perumals of Mahodayapuram Cheraman Perumals | |
|---|---|
| c. 844 CE–c. 1124 CE | |
 Chera Perumal Kingdom with respect to the Chola Empire | |
| Capital |
|
| Common languages | |
| Religion | Hinduism (majority) |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Cheraman Perumal | |
• c. 844—870 (earliest recorded) | Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara |
• c. 905—943 | Goda Ravi |
• 962—1021 | Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya |
• c. 1089—1124 (last) | Rama Kulasekhara |
| Establishment | c. 844 CE |
| History | |
• Established | c. 844 CE |
• Disestablished | c. 1124 CE |
| Today part of | Kerala (majority) |
Cheraman Perumal dynasty, also known as the Perumal dynasty of Kerala, or the Chera Perumals of Makotai or Mahodayapuram[1][2][a] (fl. c. 844–1124 CE), was a ruling dynasty in present-day Kerala, South India.[4] Mahodayapuram, or Makotai, the seat of the Cheraman Perumals, is identified with present-day Kodungallur in central Kerala.[5][6][7] Initially, their influence appeared to be limited to the area between present-day Quilon and Quilandy, but it later extended up to the Chandragiri river in northern Kerala and to Nagercoil in the south.
The medieval Cheras claimed descent from the (early historic) Cheras who flourished in pre-Pallava south India.[8] Present-day central Kerala probably detached from larger Kongu Chera or Kerala kingdom (around 8th-9th century CE) to form the Chera Perumal kingdom.[9] The exact relationship between these two branches of the Chera family is not known to scholars.[10] The Chera Perumals are often described as members of the Surya Vamsa (the Solar Race).[10]
The Chera Perumal kingdom derived most of its revenue from maritime trade relations (the Indian Ocean spice trade) with the Middle East.[1][11] The port of Kollam, located within the kingdom, was a major point in overseas India trade to the West and the East Asia.[12] Nambudiri-Brahmin settlements of agriculturally rich areas (fertile wet land) were another major source of support for the Chera state.[1][13] The Cheraman Perumals are known for primarily employing a single script (Vattezhuthu Script) and language (early form of Malayalam) in all of their records in Kerala.[14] It is known that the transformation of land relations played a crucial role in the collapse of the Chera state in the early twelfth century.[15]
- ^ a b c Thapar, Romila (2003) [2002]. "The Peninsula: Emerging Regional Kingdoms". The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books. pp. 331–32.
- ^ Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 145-47.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27.
- ^ "Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty| Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam". www.muzirisheritage.org. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ Noburu Karashima (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 145-47.
- ^ Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in South-Indian Horizons, eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 89-90 and 92-93.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 89-90 and 92-93.
- ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 1972 [2013]. 80-81.
- ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 364-65.
- ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 382-83.
- ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, (2003) [2002]. 379-80.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:03was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9781108494571.
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