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 | This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, it is unclear what the difference between a personal union and a composite monarchy is. Is it simply that a composite monarchy persists for more than one ruler's reign? The similarities and differences should be noted in the introduction. (February 2018) |
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A composite monarchy (or composite state) is a historical category, introduced by H. G. Koenigsberger in 1975[1][2] and popularised by Sir John H. Elliott,[3] that describes early modern states consisting of several countries under one ruler, sometimes designated as a personal union, who governs his territories as if they were separate kingdoms, in accordance with local traditions and legal structures. The composite state became the most common[4] type of state in the late medieval and early modern era in Europe.[5][6] Koenigsberger divides composite states into two classes: those, like the Spanish Empire, that consisted of countries separated by either other states or by the sea, and those, like Poland–Lithuania, that were contiguous.[7]
A medieval example of a composite monarchy was the Angevin Empire.[8] Theorists of the 16th century believed that "conformity" (similarity in language and customs) was important to success of a composite state. Francesco Guicciardini praised the acquisition of the Kingdom of Navarre by the King of Aragon in 1512 on account of their conformità.[9] Yet, differences could be persistent. Navarre retained its own law and customs separate from the rest of Spain down to 1841.[9] In France, a far more unified state than Spain in the early modern period, the state was divided into different customary tax regimes, the pays d'élection and pays d'état. This was abolished during the 1789 Revolution.[7]
The 17th-century Spanish jurist Juan de Solórzano Pereira distinguished a state whose components were aeque principaliter (equally important) from an "accessory" union in which a newly acquired territory was subsumed under the laws of an already existing one, such as when New Spain was incorporated into the Crown of Castile, or when Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England.[9]
- ^ Hayton & Kelly 2010, p. 3.
- ^ Koenigsberger 1978, p. 191.
- ^ Elliott 1992.
- ^ Robert I. Frost (2018). The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569, Oxford History of Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780192568144.
- ^ Elliott 1992, p. 50.
- ^ Srodecki, Kersken & Petrauskas 2023.
- ^ a b Elliott 1992, p. 51.
- ^ John H. Elliott (2018). Scots and Catalans: Union and Disunion. Yale University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780300240719.
- ^ a b c Elliott 1992, p. 52.