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Cultivar

For the taxonomic rank just below subspecies, see Variety (botany).

Osteospermum 'Pink Whirls'
A cultivar selected for its brightly coloured flowers with unusual fluted petal structure

A cultivar is a kind of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and which retains those traits when propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, or carefully controlled seed production. Most cultivars arise from deliberate human manipulation, but some originate from wild plants that have distinctive characteristics. Cultivar names are chosen according to rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and not all cultivated plants qualify as cultivars. Horticulturists generally believe the word cultivar[nb 1] was coined as a term meaning "cultivated variety".

Popular ornamental plants like roses, camellias, daffodils, rhododendrons, and azaleas are commonly cultivars produced by breeding and selection or as sports, for floral colour or size, plant form, or other desirable characteristics.[1] Similarly, the world's agricultural food crops are almost exclusively cultivars that have been selected for characters such as improved yield, flavour, and resistance to disease, and since the advent of genetic engineering in the 1970's,[2] and its advent in crop breeding in the 1980's, very few wild plants are used as commercial food sources.[3] Trees used in forestry are also special selections grown for their enhanced quality and yield of timber, for example American timber company Weyerhaeuser is the leading grower of genetically modified Douglas-fir trees, one of the most commonly harvested trees.[4]

Cultivars form a major part of Liberty Hyde Bailey's broader group, the cultigen,[5] which is defined as a plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.[6] A cultivar is not the same as a botanical variety,[7] which is a taxonomic rank below subspecies, and there are differences in the rules for creating and using the names of botanical varieties and cultivars. Since the creation of the Plant Patent Act of 1930[8] the naming of cultivars has been complicated by the use of statutory patents[9] for plants and recognition of plant breeders' rights.[10]

The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV – French: Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions végétales) offers legal protection of plant cultivars to persons or organisations that introduce new cultivars to commerce. UPOV requires that a cultivar be "distinct", "uniform", and "stable". To be "distinct", it must have characters that easily distinguish it from any other named cultivar. To be "uniform" and "stable", the cultivar must retain these characters in repeated propagation.

The naming of cultivars is an important aspect of cultivated plant taxonomy, and the correct naming of a cultivar is prescribed by the Rules and Recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP, often called the Cultivated Plant Code). A cultivar is given a cultivar name, which consists of the scientific Latin botanical name followed by a cultivar epithet. The cultivar epithet is usually in a vernacular language, and must be so for cultivars named after 1 January 1959.


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  1. ^ Stanley J. Kays (3 October 2011). Cultivated vegetables of the world: a multilingual onomasticon. Springer. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-90-8686-720-2.
  2. ^ "Science and History of GMOs and Other Food Modification Processes". FDA.gov. United States Food and Drug Administration. 5 March 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  3. ^ Wieczorek, Ania; Wright, Mark (2012). "History of Agricultural Biotechnology: How Crop Development has Evolved". Nature.com. The Nature Education Knowledge Project. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  4. ^ "Genetic Firs Help Weyerhauser Grow For Future Specially Grown Trees Produce Stronger, Improved Wood". Associated Press. The Spokesman-Review. 28 March 1995. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  5. ^ Bailey 1923, p. 113
  6. ^ Spencer & Cross 2007, p. 938
  7. ^ Lawrence 1953, pp. 19–20
  8. ^ Philip G Pardey; Bonwoo Koo; Jennifer Drew; Jeff Horwich; Carol Nottenburg (9 January 2013). "The evolving landscape of plant varietal rights in the United States, 1930–2008". PubMed Central. No. 31. National Library of Medicine. Nature Biotechnology. doi:10.1038/nbt.2467. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  9. ^ Dr. Matthew A. Jenks (18 August 2006). "Plant Nomenclature". Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Purdue University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Horticulture Building, Room 314. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  10. ^ "HORT217 - Woody Landscape Plants". Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture - Purdue University. Archived from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2007-07-28. Also Archived 2 August 2012 at archive.today
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