Back Dunkelziffer German Cifra negra Spanish Tamni broj Croatian Dark number Dutch Mørketall NB Ciemna liczba przestępstw Polish Mörkertal Swedish Латентна злочинність Ukrainian 黑暗數字 Chinese
| Criminology |
|---|
.svg) |
| Main Theories |
| Methods |
| Subfields and other major theories |
| Browse |
First coined by Belgian sociologist and criminologist Adolphe Quetelet in the 19th century,[1] the dark figure of crime, hidden figure of crime, or latent criminality[2][3] is the amount of unreported, undetected, or undiscovered crime,[4] and is a central concept of victimology, highlighting the limitations of solely relying upon official crime statistics. Crime may go unreported for various reasons, such as a victim being unaware that a crime occurred, personal dynamics with the perpetrator, perceived social stigma, distrust of the police, or fear of retaliation.[5]
- ^ Quetelet, Adolphe (1984). Recherches sur le penchant au crime aux différents âges [Research on the propensity for crime at different ages] (in French). Translated by Sylvester, Research on the propensity for crime at different ages. Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing Company. ISBN 9780870847493.
- ^ Ellis H. Crime and Control in the English Speaking Caribbean: A Comparative Study of Jamaica, Trinidad, Tobago and Barbados, 1960-1980 // Crime and Control in Comparative Perspectives, edited by Heiland, Shelley, and Katoh. – 1992. – p. 131-161
- ^ Oloruntimehin O. Crime and control in Nigeria // Crime and control in comparative perspectives. – 1992. – p. 163-188.
- ^ Walsh, Anthony; Hemmens, Craig (2014). Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4522-5820-1.
- ^ VanderPyl, Taryn; Matsuda, Mauri; Moreno, Jenny; Sobolewski, Curt (2024). Introduction to Criminology. Open Oregon Educational Resources.