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Arab Republic of Egypt | |
|---|---|
Anthem:
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 | |
| Capital and largest city | Cairo 30°2′N 31°13′E / 30.033°N 31.217°E |
| Official languages | Arabic[1] |
| National language | Egyptian Arabic[a] |
| Religion | See Religion in Egypt[b] |
| Demonym(s) | Egyptian |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic under an authoritarian dictatorship[6][7][8][9][10] |
| Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | |
| Mostafa Madbouly | |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| Senate | |
| House of Representatives | |
| Establishment | |
| c. 3150 BC | |
| 343 BC | |
| 639–642 | |
• Ayyubid and Mamluk Sultanates | 1171/4–1517 |
• Alawiyya dynasty inaugurated | 9 July 1805[13] |
| 28 February 1922 | |
| 23 July 1952 | |
• Republic declared | 18 June 1953 |
| 18 January 2014 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,010,408[14][15] km2 (390,121 sq mi) (30th) |
• Water (%) | 0.632 |
| Population | |
• 2024[16] estimate |  107,304,000 (14th) |
• 2017[17] census | 94,798,827 |
• Density | 106.20/km2 (275.1/sq mi) (106th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $2.232 trillion[16] (18th) |
• Per capita | $20,799[16] (87th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $380.044 billion[16] (42nd) |
• Per capita | $3,542[16] (132nd) |
| Gini (2019) |  31.9[18]medium inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.728[19] high (105th) |
| Currency | Egyptian pound (LE/E£/£E) (EGP) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EGY) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST[c]) |
| Calling code | +20 |
| ISO 3166 code | EG |
| Internet TLD | |
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Egypt (Arabic: مصر Miṣr [mesˁr] ⓘ, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mɑsˤr]), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west; the Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Cairo is the capital, largest city, and leading cultural center, while Alexandria is the second-largest city and an important hub of industry and tourism.[20] At approximately 107 million inhabitants, Egypt is the third-most populous country in Africa and 14th-most populated in the world.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government.[21] Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. Cairo became the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century and of the subsequent Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, until its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867. The country was then occupied by the British Empire along with Sudan and gained independence in 1922 as a monarchy.
Following the 1952 revolution, Egypt declared itself a republic. For a brief period between 1958 and 1961 Egypt merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic. Egypt fought several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, and occupied the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords, which recognised Israel in exchange for its withdrawal from the occupied Sinai. After the Arab Spring, which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, the country faced a protracted period of political unrest; its first democratic election in 2012 resulted in the short-lived, Muslim Brotherhood-aligned government of Mohamed Morsi, which was overthrown by the military after mass protests in 2013. The current government is a semi-presidential republic led by Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who was elected in 2014 but is widely regarded as authoritarian.[22]
Egypt is a developing country with the second-largest economy in Africa. It is considered to be a regional power in the Middle East, North Africa and the Muslim world, and a middle power worldwide. Islam is the official religion and Arabic is official language. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab League, the African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, World Youth Forum, and a member of BRICS.[1][23][16]
- ^ a b "Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014" (PDF). sis.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
- ^ "Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People". Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ "How many Christians are there in Egypt?". Pew Research Center. 16 February 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
churches-delegwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Egyptian Copts reject population estimate – Politics". english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
- ^ Truex, Rory; Tavana, Daniel L. (July 2019). "Implicit Attitudes toward an Authoritarian Regime". The Journal of Politics. 81 (3): 1014–1027. doi:10.1086/703209. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 203513334.
- ^ Cambanis, Thanassis (22 May 2015). "Egypt's Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
- ^ "Egypt: A Move to Enhance Authoritarian Rule". Human Rights Watch. 2019. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan (9 July 2020). "Egypt tries to silence its critics in the United States by jailing their relatives". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
- ^ Al-Arian, Abdullah (27 February 2020). "Hosni Mubarak's legacy is Abdel Fattah el-Sisi". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
- ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
- ^ "Background Note: Egypt". United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
- ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
... on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo ...
- ^ "Density By Governorate 1/7/2020 – Area km2 (Theme: Population – pg.14)". Capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ "Total area km2, pg.15" (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
- ^ "الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء" (PDF). www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
- ^ "Gini Index coefficient". The World Factbook. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Map, Egypt's Projects. "محافظة الأسكندرية". www.egy-map.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix. The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Kings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
- ^
Sources that categorize Sisi as a dictator:
- "Egypt's rushed election shows Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi is nervous". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
Last month Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi, Egypt's military dictator...
- Dunne, Michele (8 April 2019). "Why Is Trump Helping Egypt's Dictator Entrench His Power?". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
- "President Trump, Condemn This Sham Egyptian Election | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
...issued a statement praising the Egyptian dictator's magnificent work for the country
- "A Blank Check for Egypt's Dictator". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
- Toosi, Nahal (12 July 2021). "In D.C. visit, Egypt spy boss claims U.S. agreed — in writing — to jail American activist". POLITICO. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
...Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, the Egyptian dictator who has imprisoned tens of thousands of dissidents.
Lawler, Dave (23 April 2019). "Egypt's President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi could rule until 2030 after winning referendum". Axios. Retrieved 27 December 2024.He has now cemented his status as Egypt's dictator without losing his position as a U.S. ally.
- Greenwald, Glenn (31 March 2015). "Obama Personally Tells the Egyptian Dictator That U.S. Will Again Send Weapons (and Cash) to His Regime". The Intercept. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
- Williams, Jennifer (3 April 2017). "Egypt's president is a bloodthirsty dictator. Trump thinks he's done a "fantastic job."". Vox. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
- "Egypt President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi: Ruler with an iron grip". BBC News. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
- "Egypt is again under military rule, but Sisi lacks Nasser's appeal". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
- Grewal, Sharan (25 July 2023), "Egypt: A Coup against Democracy", Soldiers of Democracy?, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 136–176, doi:10.1093/oso/9780192873910.003.0007, ISBN 0-19-287391-1, retrieved 25 November 2024
- "EU Deal with Egypt Rewards Authoritarianism, Betrays 'EU Values' | Human Rights Watch". 15 March 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
- "Egypt's rushed election shows Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi is nervous". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
- ^ "Lessons from/for BRICSAM about south–north Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?". International Studies Review. 9.
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