Back التطهير العرقي للجورجيين في أبخازيا Arabic Abxaziyada gürcülərə qarşı etnik təmizləmə Azerbaijani Refugiados de la Guerra de Abjasia Spanish הטיהור האתני של גאורגים מאבחזיה HE Etničko čišćenje Gruzijaca u Abhaziji Croatian Վրացիների էթնիկ զտումները Աբխազիայում Armenian Pembersihan etnis Georgia di Abkhazia ID Pulizia etnica dei georgiani in Abcasia Italian ქართველების ეთნიკური წმენდა აფხაზეთში Georgian Czystka etniczna Gruzinów w Abchazji Polish
| Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia | |
|---|---|
 A visitor at a gallery recognizes her dead son in a photograph on the 12th anniversary of the ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia, 2005. | |
| Location | Abkhazia, Georgia |
| Date | 1992–1998 |
| Target | Georgian population, Oppositions to the new Government of Abkhazia |
Attack type | Ethnic cleansing, Massacres, Deportations, others |
| Deaths | 5,000–5,738 killed[1] |
| Victims | 200,000[2] – 267,345[3] displaced, 400 missing[1] |
| Perpetrators | Abkhaz separatists |
| Motive | Anti-Georgian sentiment |
The ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia,[4] also known in Georgia as the genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia (Georgian: ქართველთა გენოციდი აფხაზეთში, romanized: kartvelta genotsidi apkhazetshi),[5] refers to the ethnic cleansing,[6] massacres,[7] and forced mass expulsion of thousands of ethnic Georgians living in Abkhazia during both the 1992–1993 and 1998 Wars of Abkhazia by Abkhaz separatists and their allies.[8][9][10] Armenians, Greeks, Russians, and opposing Abkhazians were also killed.[11]
In 2007, 267,345 Georgian civilians were registered as internally displaced persons (IDPs).[3] The ethnic cleansing and massacres of Georgians have been officially recognized by Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) conventions in 1994, 1996, and 1999 during the Budapest, Lisbon, and Istanbul summits, which condemned the "perpetrators of war crimes committed during the conflict."[12][13][14]
On 15 May 2008, the United Nations General Assembly adopted (by 14 votes to 11, with 105 abstentions) resolution A/RES/62/249, which "[e]mphasizes the importance of preserving the property rights of refugees and internally displaced persons from Abkhazia, Georgia, including victims of reported "ethnic cleansing," and calls upon all the Member States to deter persons under their jurisdiction from obtaining property within the territory of Abkhazia, Georgia in violation of the rights of returnees."[15] The UN Security Council passed a series of resolutions in which it appealed for a cease-fire.[16]
- ^ a b Gamakharia, Jemal (2015). INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY TO BRING A VERDICT ON THE TRAGEDY OF ABKHAZIA/GEORGIA (PDF). Khvicha Kardava. pp. 7, 62, 94. ISBN 978-9941-461-12-5. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ^ Anderson & Hammond 1995, p. 6.
- ^ a b Abkhazia Today (PDF) (Report). International Crisis Group. 2006-09-15. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- ^
- Mooney, Erin D. (1995). "Internal Displacement and the Conflict in Abkhazia: International Responses and Their Protective Effect". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 3 (3): 197–226. doi:10.1163/157181196X00065. JSTOR 24674470.
- Kurbanov, Rafik Osman-Ogly; Kurbanov, Erjan Rafik-Ogly (1995). "Religion and Politics in the Caucauses". In Bordeaux, Michael (ed.). The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. International Politics in Eurasia. Vol. 3. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-1-56324-356-1.
- Ozhiganov, Edward (1997). "The Republic of Georgia: Conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia". In Arbatov, Alexei; Chayes, Abram; Chayes, Antonia Handler; Olson, Lara (eds.). Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-56324-356-1.
- Kaplan, Roger; Karatnycky, Adrian, eds. (1998). Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties, 1997–1998 (PDF). Washington D.C.: Freedom House. p. 564. ISBN 978-0-7658-0476-1.
- Cornell, Svante (2001). Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. London: Curzon. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-7007-1162-8.
- ^ Nadareishvili, Tamaz (1999). Genocide in Abkhazia (2nd ed.). Tbilisi: Azri Publishers. OCLC 925745970.
- ^ Anderson & Hammond 1995, p. 23.
- ^ Walker, Edward (2000). "No War, No Peace in the Caucasus: Contested Sovereignty in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and Karabakh". In Bertsch, Gary K.; Craft, Cassady; Jones, Scott A.; Beck, Michael (eds.). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. New York: Routledge. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-136-68445-6.
- ^ Mirsky, Georgiy I. (1997). On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-313-30044-8.
- ^ Cornell, Svante (2002). Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus - Cases in Georgia. Uppsala University. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-91-506-1600-2.
- ^ Goltz 2006, p. 133.
- ^ Chervonnaya 1994, pp. 12–13.
- ^ "CSCE: Budapest Document 1994" (PDF). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 1994-12-21. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
The participating States expressed their concern about the unilateral acts of 26 November 1994 by the authorities of Abkhazia... [t]hey expressed their deep concern over 'ethnic cleansing'...
- ^ "OSCE: Lisbon Summit 1996" (PDF). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 1996-12-03. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
We condemn the 'ethnic cleansing' resulting in mass destruction and forcible expulsion of predominantly Georgian population in Abkhazia.
- ^ "OSCE: Istanbul Document 1999" (PDF). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 2000-01-01. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
We reiterate our strong condemnation as formulated in the Budapest and Lisbon Summit Documents, of the "ethnic cleansing" resulting in mass destruction and forcible expulsion of predominantly Georgian population in Abkhazia, Georgia, and of the violent acts in May 1998 in the Gali region.
- ^ A/RES/62/249, A/62/PV.97
- ^ Coppieters, Bruno (1998). "Georgia in Europe: The Idea of a Periphery in International Relations". In Coppieters, Bruno; Zverev, Alexei; Trenin, Dmitri (eds.). Commonwealth and Independence in Post-Soviet Eurasia. Portland: Frank Cass. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7146-4480-6.