Back الهند الصينية الفرنسية Arabic Indochina francesa AST Fransa Hind-Çini Azerbaijani فرانسه چین هیندی AZB Француз Һинд-Ҡытайы Bashkir Indotsinang Pranses BCL Французскі Індакітай Byelorussian Френски Индокитай Bulgarian ফরাসি ইন্দোচীন Bengali/Bangla Indez-Sina c'hall Breton
Indochinese Union | |
|---|---|
| 1887–1954 | |
| Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" | |
| Anthem: La Marseillaise ("The Marseillaise") | |
Vietnamese-style seal of the Governor-General of French Indochina[b] | |
 Map of French Indochina, excluding Guangzhouwan | |
| Status | Federation of French colonies (1887–1949) Federation of French associated states (1949–54) |
| Capital | |
| Common languages | French (official) |
| Ethnic groups (1936)[2] | |
| Religion | |
| Demonym(s) | Indochinese |
| Membership |
|
| Governor-General | |
• 1887–1888 (first) | Ernest Constans |
• 1955–1956 (last) | Henri Hoppenot[d] |
| Historical era | New Imperialism |
| 1858–1885 | |
• French Cochinchina established | 17 October 1862 |
| 19 April 1899 | |
• Addition of Guangzhouwan | 5 January 1900 |
| 22 September 1940 | |
| Oct. 1940 – May 1941 | |
| 9 March 1945 | |
| 2 September 1945 | |
| 13 September 1945 | |
| 19 December 1946 | |
| 21 July 1954 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 737,000 km2 (285,000 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1900 | 15,164,500 |
• 1937 | 23,300,000 |
| Currency | French Indochinese piastre South Vietnamese đồng (from 1953) |
| Today part of | Vietnam Laos Cambodia China ∟Zhanjiang |
| |
![Great Seal[a] of French Indochina](view_image.php?q=French_Indochina&sq=Albert Einstein&lang=en&file=File:French_Indo-Chinese_version_of_the_Great_Seal_of_the_French_Republic_(Jean_Auguste_Barre).svg)
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French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),[a][b] officially known as the Indochinese Union[c][d] and after 1941 as the Indochinese Federation,[e] was a federation of French colonies and later associated states in Southeast Asia. It comprised Cambodia, Laos (from 1899), Guangzhouwan (1898–1945), Cochinchina, and Vietnamese regions of Tonkin and Annam. It was established in 1887 and was dissolved in 1954. In 1949, Vietnam was unified and regained Cochinchina. Its capitals were Hanoi (1902–45) and Saigon (1887–1902, 1945–54).
The Second French Empire annexed Cochinchina in 1862 and established a protectorate in Cambodia in 1863. After the French Third Republic took over northern Vietnam through the Tonkin campaign, the various protectorates were consolidated into one union in 1887. Two more entities were incorporated into the union: the Laotian protectorate and the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan. The French exploited the resources in the region during their rule, but also contributed to improvements of the health and education system in the region. Nevertheless, deep divides remained between the native population and the colonists, leading to sporadic rebellions by the former. After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime. After the Japanese surrender, the Viet Minh, a de facto communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh, declared Vietnamese independence, but France subsequently sought to restore their control with the help of the British. Although the Viet Minh initially accepted to be a free country within the French Union; an all-out resistance war, known as the First Indochina War, still broke out in late 1946.
In 1945, France returned Guangzhouwan to China. To counter the Viet Minh and as part of decolonization, France formed the State of Vietnam as an associated state within the French Union in 1949. Before that, in 1948, France recognized nominal independence of Vietnam with the Hạ Long Bay Agreement.[3] It was an independent and unified country within the French Union. Laos and Cambodia also became French associated states the same year. French efforts to retake Indochina were unsuccessful, culminating in defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ. On 22 October and 9 November 1953, the Laos and Cambodia completely became independent. On 4 June 1954, France also signed the Accords in the Hôtel Matignon to grant complete independence to the State of Vietnam.[4] French Indochina legally became invalid. With the Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954, French Indochina was completely no more when France recognized the independence of the Viet Minh's state. The communist Viet Minh took over North Vietnam, while the anti-communist State of Vietnam became South Vietnam. The Vietnam War later broke out; and the division of Vietnam continued until 2 July 1976, one year after communist victory.
- ^ Lecompte, Jean. Monnaies et jetons de l'Indochine Française. (Principality of Monaco, 2013) Quote: "Les légendes sont bien sûr modifiées. A gauche, les attributs de l'agriculture et des beaux-arts sont remplacés par des épis de riz et à droite figure une ancre symbolisant le ministère de la Marine et des Colonies. Hélas, Albert-Désiré Barre décède le 29 décembre 1878 et c'est alors son frère aîné Auguste-Jean Barre qui lui succède et mène à terme le projet. Les premières frappes sortent en 1879." (in French))
- ^ "French Indo-China: Demographic Imbalance and Colonial Policy". Population Index. 2 (11): 68–81. 1945. doi:10.2307/2730333. JSTOR 2730333.
- ^ a b c d https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm
- ^ The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1, Chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960" (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971) Archived 2017-06-23 at the Wayback Machine Trích: "France, as the third party in Vietnam, then became pivotal to any political settlement, its executor for the West. But France had agreed to full independence for the GVN on ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1954, nearly six weeks before the end of the Geneva Conference. By the terms of that June agreement, the GVN assumed responsibility for international contracts previously made on its behalf by France; but, there having been no reference to subsequent contracts, it was technically free of the Geneva Agreements. It has been argued to the contrary that the GVN was bound by Geneva because it possessed at the time few of the attributes of full sovereignty, and especially because it was dependent on France for defense. But such debates turn on tenuous points of international law regarding the prerogatives of newly independent or partitioned states. France speedily divested itself of responsibilities for "civil administration" in South Vietnam"
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