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The genocide of indigenous peoples, colonial genocide,[1] or settler genocide[2][3][note 1] is the elimination of indigenous peoples as a part of the process of colonialism.[note 2]
According to certain genocide experts, including Raphael Lemkin – the individual who coined the term genocide – colonialism is intimately connected with genocide.[7][8] Lemkin saw genocide via colonization as a two-stage process: (1) the destruction of the indigenous group's way of life, followed by (2) the settlers' imposition of their way of life on the indigenous group.[9][10] Other scholars view genocide as associated with but distinct from settler colonialism.[4][11] The expansion of various Western European colonial powers such as the British and Spanish empires and the subsequent establishment of colonies on indigenous territories frequently involved acts of genocidal violence against indigenous groups in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.[12]
The designation of specific events as genocidal is frequently controversial.[13][14] Lemkin originally intended a broad definition that encompassed colonial violence, but in order to pass the 1948 Genocide Convention, he narrowed his definition to physical and biological destruction (as opposed to cultural genocide) and added the requirement of genocidal intent.[5] Although some scholars use the Genocide Convention definition,[14] others have "criticized [it] as a highly flawed law for its overemphasis on intent, the imprecision of a key phrase 'destruction in whole or in part', and the narrow exclusivity of the groups protected"—factors which reduce its applicability to anti-indigenous violence.[5]
- ^ Benvenuto, Jeff; Woolford, Andrew; Hinton, Alexander Laban (2014). "Introduction". Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Duke University Press. doi:10.1515/9780822376149-002. ISBN 978-0-8223-7614-9. S2CID 243002850. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Adhikari, Mohamed (2021). Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies. Routledge. p. Acknowledgements. ISBN 978-1-000-41177-5. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
- ^ Anderson, E. N.; Anderson, Barbara (2020). Complying with Genocide: The Wolf You Feed. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-7936-3460-3. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
- ^ a b Wolfe, Patrick (1 December 2006). "Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native". Journal of Genocide Research. 8 (4): 387–409. doi:10.1080/14623520601056240. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 143873621.
- ^ a b c Browning, Christopher R. (2022). "Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 36 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985. ISSN 2578-5648. S2CID 246652960. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Maybury-Lewis 2002, p. 45.
- ^ Bryant, Michael (2020). "Canaries in the Mineshaft of American Democracy: North American Settler Genocide in the Thought of Raphaël Lemkin". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 14 (1): 21–39. doi:10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1632. ISSN 1911-0359. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2025.
Raphaël Lemkin believed settler colonialism was intimately connected with genocide.
- ^ Moses 2008a, pp. 8–9: "Extra-European colonial cases also featured prominently in this projected global history of genocide. In 'Part III: Modern Times,' he wrote the following numbered chapters: (1) Genocide by the Germans against the Native Africans; (3) Belgian Congo; (11) Hereros; (13) Hottentots; (16) Genocide against the American Indians; (25) Latin America; (26) Genocide against the Aztecs; (27) Yucatan; (28) Genocide against the Incas; (29) Genocide against the Maoris of New Zealand; (38) Tasmanians; (40) S.W. Africa; and finally, (41) Natives of Australia ... While Lemkin's linking of genocide and colonialism may surprise those who think that his neologism was modeled after the Holocaust of European Jewry, an investigation of his intellectual development reveals that the concept is the culmination of a long tradition of European legal and political critique of colonization and empire."
- ^ Forge 2012, p. 77.
- ^ Moses 2004, p. 27.
- ^ Maybury-Lewis 2002, p. 48.
- ^ Adhikari, Mohamed (2021). "'No Savage Shall Inherit the Land': Civilian-driven Violence in the Making of Settler Genocides". In Adhikari, Mohamed (ed.). Civilian-Driven Violence and the Genocide of Indigenous Peoples in Settler Societies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-003-01555-0.
- ^ Hitchcock & Koperski 2008, pp. 577–82.
- ^ a b Novic, Elisa (20 October 2016). "The Concept of Cultural Genocide: A Historical–Legal Perspective". The Concept of Cultural Genocide: An International Law Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 8. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198787167.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-878716-7. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
Doctrinal opinions can be split into two categories: those who advocate for a broader understanding of the crime, as Larry May does, and those who consider, on the basis of the 1948 Genocide Convention, that genocide should be thought of exclusively in physical and biological terms while cultural genocide should rather be addressed as a human rights issue, per William A. Schabas.
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