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| Gurmukhī ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ | |
|---|---|
 Modern Gurmukhi letter set | |
| Script type | |
Period | 16th century CE-present |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Languages |
|
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Anandpur Lipi |
Sister systems | Khudabadi, Khojki, Mahajani, Multani |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Guru (310), Gurmukhi |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Gurmukhi |
| U+0A00–U+0A7F | |
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| The Brahmi script and its descendants |
Gurmukhī (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ [ˈɡʊɾᵊmʊkʰiː], Shahmukhi: گُرمُکھی) is an abugida developed from the Laṇḍā scripts, standardized and used by the second Sikh guru, Guru Angad (1504–1552).[2][1] Commonly regarded as a Sikh script,[3][4][5][6][7] Gurmukhi is used in Punjab, India as the official script of the Punjabi language.[6][7]
The primary scripture of Sikhism, the Guru Granth Sahib, is written in Gurmukhī, in various dialects and languages often subsumed under the generic title Sant Bhasha[8] or "saint language", in addition to other languages like Persian and various phases of Indo-Aryan languages.
Modern Gurmukhī has thirty-five original letters, hence its common alternative term paintī or "the thirty-five",[6] plus six additional consonants,[6][9][10] nine vowel diacritics, two diacritics for nasal sounds, one diacritic that geminates consonants and three subscript characters.
- ^ a b Bāhrī 2011, p. 181.
- ^ Masica 1993, p. 143.
- ^ Mandair, Arvind-Pal S.; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (December 16, 2013). Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity. Routledge. p. 13, Quote: "creation of a pothi in distinct Sikh script (Gurmukhi) seem to relate to the immediate religio–political context ...". ISBN 978-1-136-84634-2. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Mann, Gurinder Singh; Numrich, Paul; Williams, Raymond (2007). Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 100, Quote: "He modified the existing writing systems of his time to create Gurmukhi, the script of the Sikhs; then ...". ISBN 978-0-19-804424-6. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ Shani, Giorgio (March 2002). "The Territorialization of Identity: Sikh Nationalism in the Diaspora". Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. 2: 11. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9469.2002.tb00014.x.
...the Guru Granth Sahib, written in a script particular to the Sikhs (Gurmukhi)...
- ^ a b c d Harjeet Singh Gill (1996). "The Gurmukhi Script". In Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. pp. 395–399. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
- ^ a b Jain & Cardona 2007, p. 53.
- ^ Harnik Deol, Religion and Nationalism in India. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-20108-X, 9780415201087. Page 22. "(...) the compositions in the Sikh holy book, Adi Granth, are a melange of various dialects, often coalesced under the generic title of Sant Bhasha."
- ^ "Let's Learn Punjabi: Research Centre for Punjabi Language Technology, Punjabi University, Patiala". learnpunjabi.org. Punjabi University, Patiala. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
- ^ Kumar, Arun; Kaur, Amandeep (2018). A New Approach to Punjabi Text Steganography using Naveen Toli. Department of Computer Science & Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India. ISBN 978-8-193-38970-6.