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| Indian literature |
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| Ancient |
| Early Medieval |
| Medieval to early Modern |
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| Part of a series on the |
| Hindustani language (or the Hindi-Urdu continuum) |
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| History |
| Grammar |
| Linguistic history |
| Accessibility |
Hindi literature (Hindi: हिंदी साहित्य, romanized: hindī sāhitya) includes literature in the various Central Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Hindi, some of which have different writing systems. Earliest forms of Hindi literature are attested in poetry of Apabhraṃśa such as Awadhi and Marwari . Hindi literature is composed in three broad styles- prose (गद्य, gadya), poetry (पद्य, padya), and prosimetrum (चंपू, campū).[1] Inspired by Bengali literature, Bharatendu Harishchandra started the modern Hindi literary practices.[2][3][4] In terms of historical development, it is broadly classified into five prominent forms (genres) based on the date of production.[citation needed] They are:
- Ādi Kāl /Vīr-Gāthā Kāl (आदि काल/वीरगाथा काल), prior to & including 14th century CE
- Bhakti Kāl (भक्ति काल), 14th–18th century CE
- Rīti Kāl /Śṛṅgār Kāl (रीति काल/ शृंगार काल), 18th–20th century CE
- Ādhunik Kāl (आधुनिक काल, 'modern literature'), from 1850 CE onwards
- Navyottar Kāl (Hindi: नव्योत्तर काल, lit. 'post-modern literature'), from 1980 CE onwards
The literature was produced in languages and dialects such as Khariboli, Braj, Bundeli, Awadhi, Kannauji, as well as Marwari and Chhattisgarhi.[5] From the 20th century, works produced in Modern Standard Hindi, a register of Hindustani written in the Devanagari script, are sometimes regarded as the only basis of modern literature in Hindi (excluding Urdu literature of Hindustani language).[6]
- ^ Narayan Ram Acharya. Subhashita Ratna Bhandagara (in Sanskrit). sanskritebooks.org/.
- ^ "Bharatendu Harishchandra, the polyglot genius who shaped modern Hindi literature". India Today. 9 September 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
- ^ Rai, Alok (2014). "Cultural Translations: Bengal in the Making of Modern Hindi". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (18): 25–28. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 24480218.
- ^ Chattopadhyay, Sudhakar (1955). "The influence of Bengali on modern Hindi literature part I". University. hdl:10603/165357.
- ^ "Hindi Language, Hindi Language Of India, Hindi Official Language Of India, Hindi Boli, Devnagri, Mother Tongue Of India, History Of Hindi Literature". languages.iloveindia.com.
- ^ "संविधान में हिंदी- डॉ लक्ष्मीमल्ल सिंघवी का आलेख". www.abhivyakti-hindi.org.