Indium

Indium, ₄₉In
Indium
Pronunciation	/ˈɪndiəm/ (IN-dee-əm)
Appearance	silvery lustrous gray
Standard atomic weight Ar°(In)
	114.818±0.001; 114.82±0.01 (abridged);
Indium in the periodic table
	cadmium ← indium → tin
Atomic number (Z)	49
Group	group 13 (boron group)
Period	period 5
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	429.7485 K (156.5985 °C, 313.8773 °F)
Boiling point	2345 K (2072 °C, 3762 °F)
Density (at 20° C)	7.290 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	7.02 g/cm3
Triple point	429.7445 K, ~1 kPa
Heat of fusion	3.281 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	231.8 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.74 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +3; −5, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.78
Ionization energies	1st: 558.3 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1820.7 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2704 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 167 pm
Covalent radius	142±5 pm
Van der Waals radius	193 pm
	Spectral lines of indium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	body-centered tetragonal (tI2)
Lattice constants	a = 325.16 pm; c = 494.71 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	32.2×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	81.8 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	83.7 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−64.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	11 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	1215 m/s (at 20 °C)
Mohs hardness	1.2
Brinell hardness	8.8–10.0 MPa
CAS Number	7440-74-6
History
Naming	for the indigo blue line in its spectrum
Discovery	Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter (1863)
First isolation	Hieronymous Theodor Richter (1864)
Isotopes of indium v; e;
	Category: Indium; view; talk; edit; \| references

Indium is a chemical element; it has symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a silvery-white post-transition metal and one of the softest elements. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and its properties are largely intermediate between the two. It was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods and named for the indigo blue line in its spectrum.

Indium is used primarily in the production of flat-panel displays as indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent and conductive coating applied to glass. It is also used in the semiconductor industry, in low-melting-point metal alloys such as solders and soft-metal high-vacuum seals. It is produced exclusively as a by-product during the processing of the ores of other metals, chiefly from sphalerite and other zinc sulfide ores.

Indium has no biological role and its compounds are toxic when inhaled or injected into the bloodstream, although they are poorly absorbed following ingestion.

^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Indium". CIAAW. 2011.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
^ Mangum, B. W. (1989). "Determination of the Indium Freezing-point and Triple-point Temperatures". Metrologia. 26 (4): 211. Bibcode:1989Metro..26..211M. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/26/4/001.
^ Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. PMID 11666477.
^ In(−2) has been observed in Na₂In, see [1], p. 69.
^ In(−1) has been observed in NaIn; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1185. ISBN 9783110206845.
^ Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [2], p. 6.
^ ^a ^b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[CIAAW-1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Indium". CIAAW. 2011.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Arblaster_2018-3] Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.

[4] Mangum, B. W. (1989). "Determination of the Indium Freezing-point and Triple-point Temperatures". Metrologia. 26 (4): 211. Bibcode:1989Metro..26..211M. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/26/4/001.

[5] Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. PMID 11666477.

[6] In(−2) has been observed in Na₂In, see [1], p. 69.

[7] In(−1) has been observed in NaIn; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1185. ISBN 9783110206845.

[8] Unstable In(0) carbonyls and clusters have been detected, see [2], p. 6.

[GE28-9] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[11] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[12] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[NUBASE2020-13] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

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Indium

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