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| Problematic internet use (colloquially "internet addiction disorder") | |
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Internet addiction "disorder" (IAD), also known as problematic internet use, or pathological internet use, is a problematic compulsive use of the internet, particularly on social media, that impairs an individual's function over a prolonged period of time. Young people are at particular risk of developing internet addiction disorder,[1] with case studies highlighting students whose academic performance declines as they spend more time online.[2] Some experience health consequences from loss of sleep[3] as they stay up to continue scrolling, chatting, and gaming.[4]
Excessive Internet use is not recognized as a disorder by the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 or the World Health Organization's ICD-11.[5] However, gaming disorder appears in the ICD-11.[6] Controversy around the diagnosis includes whether the disorder is a separate clinical entity, or a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders. Definitions are not standardized or agreed upon, complicating the development of evidence-based recommendations.
Many different theoretical models have been developed and employed for many years in order to better explain predisposing factors to this disorder. Models such as the cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet have been used to explain IAD for more than 20 years. Newer models, such as the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model, have been developed more recently and are starting to be applied in more clinical studies.[7]
In 2011 the term "Facebook addiction disorder" (FAD) emerged.[8] FAD is characterized by compulsive use of Facebook. A 2017 study investigated a correlation between excessive use and narcissism, reporting "FAD was significantly positively related to the personality trait narcissism and to negative mental health variables (depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms)".[9][10]
In 2020, the documentary The Social Dilemma, reported concerns of mental health experts and former employees of social media companies over social media's pursuit of addictive use. For example, when a user has not visited Facebook for some time, the platform varies its notifications, attempting to lure them back. It also raises concerns about the correlation between social media use and child and teen suicidality.[11]
Additionally in 2020, studies have shown that there has been an increase in the prevalence of IAD since the COVID-19 pandemic.[12] Studies highlighting the possible relationship between COVID-19 and IAD have looked at how forced isolation and its associated stress may have lead to higher usage levels of the Internet.[12]
Turning off social media notifications may help reduce social media use.[13] For some users, changes in web browsing can be helpful in compensating for self-regulatory problems. For instance, a study involving 157 online learners on massive open online courses examined the impact of such an intervention. The study reported that providing support in self-regulation was associated with a reduction in time spent online, particularly on entertainment.[14]
- ^ Tomczyk Ł, Solecki R (July 2019). "Problematic internet use and protective factors related to family and free time activities among young people". Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 19 (3): 1–13. doi:10.12738/estp.2019.3.001.
- ^ "emigration-plummets-to-lowest-figure-recorded-apr-2-1984-1-p". Human Rights Documents online. doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1326-0318. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
- ^ Tereshchenko S, Kasparov E, Smolnikova M, Shubina M, Gorbacheva N, Moskalenko O (October 2021). "Internet Addiction and Sleep Problems among Russian Adolescents: A Field School-Based Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (19): 10397. doi:10.3390/ijerph181910397. PMC 8507923. PMID 34639694.
- ^ Wallace P (January 2014). "Internet addiction disorder and youth: There are growing concerns about compulsive online activity and that this could impede students' performance and social lives". EMBO Reports. 15 (1): 12–6. doi:10.1002/embr.201338222. PMC 4303443. PMID 24398129.
- ^ "Internet Addiction". Psychology Today. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
- ^ "Addictive behaviour". www.who.int. Retrieved 2024-09-01.
- ^ Jhone, Jin-Ho; Song, In Han; Lee, Mi-Sun; Yoon, Ji Young; Bhang, Soo-Young (2021-12-16). "Is the I-PACE (Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution) model valid in South Korea? The effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on internet gaming disorder and the mediating effect of stress on adolescents". Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 10 (4): 967–982. doi:10.1556/2006.2021.00081. ISSN 2062-5871. PMC 8987428. PMID 34935634.
- ^ Summers, Amy (May 2, 2011). "Facebook Addiction Disorder — The 6 Symptoms of F.A.D." AdWeek. Retrieved 2011-05-02.
- ^ Brailovskaia, J.; Margraf, J. (2017). "Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) among German students—A longitudinal approach". PLOS ONE. 12 (12): 2423–2478. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1289719B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189719. PMC 5730190. PMID 29240823.
- ^ Zhao, Nan; Zhou, Guangyu (9 February 2021). "COVID-19 Stress and Addictive Social Media Use (SMU): Mediating Role of Active Use and Social Media Flow". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12: 635546. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.635546. PMC 7899994. PMID 33633616.
- ^ Watch The Social Dilemma. www.netflix.com (Film). Netflix Official Site. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ a b Li, Yang‐Yang; Sun, Yan; Meng, Shi‐Qiu; Bao, Yan‐Ping; Cheng, Jia‐Lu; Chang, Xiang‐Wen; Ran, Mao‐Sheng; Sun, Yan‐Kun; Kosten, Thomas; Strang, John; Lu, Lin; Shi, Jie (19 March 2021). "Internet Addiction Increases in the General Population During COVID‐19: Evidence From China". The American Journal on Addictions. 30 (4): 389–397. doi:10.1111/ajad.13156. ISSN 1055-0496. PMC 8251395. PMID 33738888.
- ^ Kane, Suzanne (December 6, 2018). "Portion-Control in Social Media? How Limiting Time Increases Well-Being". World of Psychology. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
- ^ Pogorskiy, Eduard; Beckmann, Jens F. (2023). "From procrastination to engagement? An experimental exploration of the effects of an adaptive virtual assistant on self regulation in online learning". Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. 4: 100111. doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100111. S2CID 254612244.