James Madison

James Madison
Portrait, 1816
4th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817[1]
Vice President	George Clinton (1809–1812) None (1812–1813)[a] Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) None (1814–1817)[a]
Preceded by	Thomas Jefferson
Succeeded by	James Monroe
5th United States Secretary of State
In office May 2, 1801 – March 3, 1809[3]
President	Thomas Jefferson
Preceded by	John Marshall
Succeeded by	Robert Smith
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia
In office March 4, 1789 – March 4, 1797[4]
Preceded by	Constituency established
Succeeded by	John Dawson
Constituency	5th district (1789–1793) 15th district (1793–1797)
Delegate from Virginia to the Congress of the Confederation
In office November 6, 1786 – October 30, 1787[5]
In office March 1, 1781 – November 1, 1783
Personal details
Born	James Madison Jr. (1751-03-16)March 16, 1751 Port Conway, Virginia, British America
Died	June 28, 1836(1836-06-28) (aged 85) Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia, U.S.
Resting place	Montpelier, Orange County, Virginia, U.S.
Political party	Democratic–Republican
Other political affiliations	Federalist (until 1791)[6][7]
Height	5 ft 4 in (163 cm)[8]
Spouse	Dolley Payne ​ (m. 1794)​
Parents	James Madison Sr. Eleanor Madison
Education	College of New Jersey (BA)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	Virginia militia
Years of service	1775–1776 1814
Rank	Colonel Commander in Chief
Unit	Orange County Militia
Battles/wars	American Revolutionary War War of 1812 Battle of Bladensburg

James Madison (March 16, 1751 [O.S. March 5, 1750] – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. Madison was popularly acclaimed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights.

Madison was born into a prominent slave-owning planter family in Virginia. In 1774, strongly opposed to British taxation, Madison joined with the Patriots. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War. Dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the Articles of Confederation, he helped organize the Constitutional Convention, which produced a new constitution designed to strengthen republican government against democratic assembly. Madison's Virginia Plan was the basis for the convention's deliberations. He became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution and joined Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers, a series of pro-ratification essays that remain prominent among works of political science in American history.

Madison emerged as an important leader in the House of Representatives and was a close adviser to President George Washington. During the early 1790s, Madison opposed the economic program and the accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton. Alongside Thomas Jefferson, he organized the Democratic–Republican Party in opposition to Hamilton's Federalist Party. Madison served as Jefferson's Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809, during which time he helped convince Jefferson to submit the Louisiana Purchase Treaty for approval by the Senate.

Madison was elected president in 1808. Motivated by a desire to acquire land held by Britain, Spain, and Native Americans, and after diplomatic protests with a trade embargo failed to end British seizures of American-shipped goods, Madison led the United States into the War of 1812. Madison was re-elected in the 1812 election, which was held during wartime. The war convinced Madison of the necessity of a stronger federal government. Although the war ended inconclusively in 1815, many Americans viewed it as a successful "second war of independence" against Britain which bolstered Madison's popularity. He presided over the creation of the Second Bank of the United States and the enactment of the protective Tariff of 1816. The United States acquired 26 million acres (11 million ha) of land through treaties or war from Native American tribes during Madison's presidency.

Retiring from public office at the end of his presidency in 1817, Madison returned to his plantation, Montpelier, where he died in 1836. Madison was a slave owner; he freed one slave in 1783 to prevent a slave rebellion at Montpelier but did not free any in his will. Historians regard Madison as one of the most significant Founding Fathers of the United States, and have generally ranked him as an above-average president, although they are critical of his endorsement of slavery and his leadership during the War of 1812. Madison's name is commemorated in many landmarks across the nation, with prominent examples including Madison Square Garden, James Madison University, the James Madison Memorial Building, the capital city of Wisconsin, and the USS James Madison.

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