Back الصراع بين تركيا وحزب العمال الكردستاني Arabic Conflictu Turquía-Partíu de los Trabayadores del Curdistán AST تورکیه-پ‌ک‌ک چاتیشماسی AZB ناکۆکیی تورکیا و پەکەکە CKB Kurdsko-turecký konflikt Czech Konflikt zwischen der Republik Türkei und der PKK German Insurgencia kurda en Turquía Spanish شورش حزب کارگران کردستان Persian Turkin ja PKK:n konflikti Finnish Törökország–PKK-konfliktus Hungarian

Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency

Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
Part of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict
Date27 November 1978 – 12 May 2025
(46 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
Location
Eastern and Southeastern Turkey, spillovers in Northern Iraq, Northern Syria and Northwestern Iran
Result

2025 PKK–Turkey peace process

Belligerents

Kurdish Hezbollah (1983–1991; 1998–2002)[16][17][18][19][20][21]

TAK
Commanders and leaders
Current commanders
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Ali Yerlikaya
Yaşar Güler
Metin Gürak
Past commanders:
 Current commanders
Murat Karayılan
Mustafa Karasu
Duran Kalkan
Bahoz Erdal
Cemil Bayık
Past commanders:
Strength
Turkish Armed Forces: 639,551 (2016):[35]
Gendarmerie: 148,700 (2009)[36]
Police: 225,000
Village Guards: 65,000 (2010)[37]
Total Force: 1,000,000+

YPG: 60,000–75,000[38]
PKK: 32,800[39][40]
PJAK: 1,000[41]–3,000[42]
TAK: A few dozen[43]
Currently: 116,000+

Total Served: 250,000+
Casualties and losses
Before 2015:
6,764 killed (per Turkey)[44]
2015–present:
1,488 killed (per Crisis Group)[45]		 Before 2015:
26,774 killed, 922 injured, 6,727 captured, 4,781 surrendered (per Turkey)[44]
2015–present:
4,786 militants killed (per the Crisis Group)[46]
40,000+ killed, captured, or surrendered (per Turkey)[a][45]
Civilian casualties:
5,478 killed (1984–2013, per Turkey)[44]
631 killed since 2015 (per Crisis Group)[45]
2,400–4,000 villages destroyed[47][48]
Kurdish Hezbollah (sometimes referred as Turkish Hezbollah) or just Hizbullah in Turkey, is a mainly Sunni Islamist militant organization, active against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Government of Turkey.[49][50][51][52][53]
^ a: Casualty estimates from the Turkish government after 2015 include those from the Syrian civil war. Turkish figures for casualties have been called into question.[54]

From 1978 until 2025, the Republic of Turkey was in an armed conflict with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê) as well as its allied insurgent groups, both Kurdish and non-Kurdish.[55][56] The initial core demand of the PKK was its separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan.[43] Later on, the PKK abandoned separatism in favor of autonomy[57] and/or greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.[58]

Although the Kurdish-Turkish conflict had spread to many regions,[59] most of the conflict took place in Northern Kurdistan, which corresponded with southeastern Turkey.[60] The PKK's presence in Iraqi Kurdistan resulted in the Turkish Armed Forces carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region,[61][62][63] and its influence in Syrian Kurdistan led to similar activity there. The conflict costed the economy of Turkey an estimated $300 to 450 billion, mostly in military costs. It also had negative effects on tourism in Turkey.[64][65][66]

A revolutionary group, the PKK was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis, Lice by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan.[67] The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey.[68][69] At the time, the use of Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas.[70] In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" during the 1930s and 1940s.[70][71][72] The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government.[73] Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life until 1991.[74] Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.[75]

The PKK was formed in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Kurdish minority.[76] However, the full-scale insurgency did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Between 1984 and 2012, an estimated 40,000 had died, the vast majority of whom were Kurdish civilians.[77] Both sides were accused of numerous human rights abuses. The European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses.[78][79] Many judgments are related to the systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[80] torture,[81] forced displacements,[82] destroyed villages,[83][84][85] arbitrary arrests,[86] and the forced disappearance or murder of Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians.[87][88][89] Teachers who provided and students who demanded education in Kurdish language were prosecuted and sentenced for supporting terrorism of the PKK.[90] Similarly, the PKK had faced international condemnation, mainly by Turkish allies, for using terrorist tactics, which include civilian massacres, summary executions, suicide bombers, and child soldiers, and involvement in drug trafficking.[91][92]

In February 1999, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was arrested in Nairobi, Kenya by a group of special forces personnel[93] and taken to Turkey, where he remains in prison on an island in the Sea of Marmara.[94] The first insurgency lasted until March 1993, when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire.[95] Fighting resumed the same year.[96] In 2013, the Turkish government started talks with Öcalan. Following mainly secret negotiations, a largely successful ceasefire was put in place by both the Turkish state and the PKK. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks.[27]

The rise of Islamic State on Turkey's southern border illuminated diverging interests and ignited new tensions. In response to Islamic State's 2015 Suruç bombing on Turkish soil, the Ceylanpınar incidents saw the killing of two Turkish police officers by suspected PKK militants and the return to open conflict.[97][98] Subsequently, the conflict resulted in about 8,000 killed in Turkey alone, with about 20,000 more in Syria and Iraq due to Turkish military operations. Numerous human rights violations occurred, including torture and widespread destruction of property.[99][100] Substantial parts of many Kurdish-majority cities including Diyarbakır, Şırnak, Mardin, Cizre, Nusaybin, and Yüksekova were destroyed in the clashes[101] or external operations.

New peace process discussions began in 2024. In early 2025, Öcalan called PKK to disarm.[102] On 12 May 2025, the PKK announced its full dissolution to favor political means.[103] However, Turkey's military will continue operations against the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in regions where it remains active, despite the group's announcement of its dissolution.[104][105][106][107]

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