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In machine learning (ML), a learning curve (or training curve) is a graphical representation that shows how a model's performance on a training set (and usually a validation set) changes with the number of training iterations (epochs) or the amount of training data.[1] Typically, the number of training epochs or training set size is plotted on the x-axis, and the value of the loss function (and possibly some other metric such as the cross-validation score) on the y-axis.
Synonyms include error curve, experience curve, improvement curve and generalization curve.[2]
More abstractly, learning curves plot the difference between learning effort and predictive performance, where "learning effort" usually means the number of training samples, and "predictive performance" means accuracy on testing samples.[3]
Learning curves have many useful purposes in ML, including:[4][5][6]
- choosing model parameters during design,
- adjusting optimization to improve convergence,
- and diagnosing problems such as overfitting (or underfitting).
Learning curves can also be tools for determining how much a model benefits from adding more training data, and whether the model suffers more from a variance error or a bias error. If both the validation score and the training score converge to a certain value, then the model will no longer significantly benefit from more training data.[7]
- ^ "Mohr, Felix and van Rijn, Jan N. "Learning Curves for Decision Making in Supervised Machine Learning - A Survey." arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.12150 (2022)". arXiv:2201.12150.
- ^ Viering, Tom; Loog, Marco (2023-06-01). "The Shape of Learning Curves: A Review". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 45 (6): 7799–7819. arXiv:2103.10948. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2022.3220744. ISSN 0162-8828. PMID 36350870.
- ^ Perlich, Claudia (2010), "Learning Curves in Machine Learning", in Sammut, Claude; Webb, Geoffrey I. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Machine Learning, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 577–580, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30164-8_452, ISBN 978-0-387-30164-8, retrieved 2023-07-06
- ^ Madhavan, P.G. (1997). "A New Recurrent Neural Network Learning Algorithm for Time Series Prediction" (PDF). Journal of Intelligent Systems. p. 113 Fig. 3.
- ^ "Machine Learning 102: Practical Advice". Tutorial: Machine Learning for Astronomy with Scikit-learn.
- ^ Meek, Christopher; Thiesson, Bo; Heckerman, David (Summer 2002). "The Learning-Curve Sampling Method Applied to Model-Based Clustering". Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2 (3): 397. Archived from the original on 2013-07-15.
- ^ scikit-learn developers. "Validation curves: plotting scores to evaluate models — scikit-learn 0.20.2 documentation". Retrieved February 15, 2019.