Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

Mamluk
مملوک
Mamluk مملوک
1206–1290
	Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporary Catalan Atlas (c. 1375).
	Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.
Capital	Lahore (1206–1210); Badayun (1210–1214); Delhi (1214–1290);
Common languages	Turkic (main) ; Persian (administration)
Religion	Sunni Islam
Government	Sultanate
Sultan
• 1206–1210	Qutb ud-Din Aibak
• 1287–1290	Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
History
• Established	1206
• Disestablished	1290
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Chahamanas of Shakambhari
	Tomara dynasty
	Ghurid Sultanate
	Sena dynasty
	Khalji dynasty of Bengal
Khalji dynasty
Today part of	India; Pakistan; Bangladesh;

Qutb Minaret

Minaret

Base with inscriptions

The Qutb Minar, started by Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1199 and completed by his son-in-law Iltutmish in 1220, an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works. It is somewhat similar to the earlier Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan.

The Mamluk dynasty (lit. 'Slave dynasty'), or the Mamluk Sultanate, is the historiographical name or umbrella term used to refer to the three dynasties of Mamluk origin who ruled the Ghurid territories in India and subsequently, the Sultanate of Delhi, from 1206 to 1290^[9]^[10]^[11] — the Qutbi dynasty (1206–1211), the first Ilbari or Shamsi dynasty (1211–1266) and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266–1290).^[12]

Before the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty, Qutb al-Din Aibak's tenure as a Ghurid dynasty administrator lasted from 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led forays into the Gangetic plain and established control over some of the new areas.^[13]^[14] The last ruler, Shamsuddin Kayumars, an infant, was murdered by Jalal-ud-Din Khalji, a nobleman who then established the Khalji dynasty.

^ Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the Catalan Atlas of c. 1375: in the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas
^ Kadoi, Yuka (2010). "On the Timurid flag". Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie. 2: 148. doi:10.29091/9783954909537/009. S2CID 263250872. ...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555).
^ Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black Abbasid flag, and the red Ghurid flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion. "Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left they carried their own colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-u'd-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon." in Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942). The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143. , also in Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016). Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-107-11887-4., also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938). The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. ISBN 978-81-7018-092-0.
^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (h). ISBN 0226742210.
^ Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 at Google Books, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press
^ Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. Penguin UK. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.
^ "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
^ Cite error: The named reference RE31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Walsh, pp. 68-70
^ Anzalone, p. 100
^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 72–80. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
^ Jaswant Lal Mehta (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. p. 87. ISBN 978-81-207-0617-0. they actually belonged to three distinct ruling houses-the Qutbi dynasty (1206-11) founded by Qutubuddin Aibek, the first ilbari or shamsi dynasty (1211-66), known after Shamsuddin Iltutmish, and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266-90), founded by Ghiasuddin Balban.
^ Sisirkumar Mitra 1977, pp. 123–126.
^ Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. Penguin UK. pp. 39–45. ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.

[1] Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the Catalan Atlas of c. 1375: in the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas

[2] Kadoi, Yuka (2010). "On the Timurid flag". Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie. 2: 148. doi:10.29091/9783954909537/009. S2CID 263250872. ...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555).

[3] Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black Abbasid flag, and the red Ghurid flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion. "Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left they carried their own colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-u'd-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon." in Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942). The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143. , also in Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016). Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-107-11887-4., also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938). The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. ISBN 978-81-7018-092-0.

[4] Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (h). ISBN 0226742210.

[vsoxford2-5] Vincent A Smith, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 at Google Books, Chapter 2, Oxford University Press

[6] Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. Penguin UK. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.

[asi.nic.in-7] "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies – Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.

[RE31-8] Cite error: The named reference RE31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[JE_Walsh_68-70-9] Walsh, pp. 68-70

[C_Anzalone_100-10] Anzalone, p. 100

[sen2-11] Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 72–80. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.

[12] Jaswant Lal Mehta (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. p. 87. ISBN 978-81-207-0617-0. they actually belonged to three distinct ruling houses-the Qutbi dynasty (1206-11) founded by Qutubuddin Aibek, the first ilbari or shamsi dynasty (1211-66), known after Shamsuddin Iltutmish, and the second Ilbari dynasty (1266-90), founded by Ghiasuddin Balban.

[FOOTNOTESisirkumar_Mitra1977123–126-13] Sisirkumar Mitra 1977, pp. 123–126.

[RE39-14] Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765. Penguin UK. pp. 39–45. ISBN 978-0-14-196655-7.

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Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

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