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Manifest destiny

For other uses, see Manifest Destiny (disambiguation).

American Progress (1872) by John Gast is an allegorical representation of the modernization of the new west. Columbia, a personification of the United States, is shown leading civilization westward with the American settlers. She is shown bringing light from east to west, stringing telegraph wire, holding a school book, and highlighting different stages of economic activity and evolving forms of transportation.[1] On the left, Indigenous Americans are displaced from their ancestral homeland.
History of the United States
expansion and influence
Colonialism
Militarism
Foreign policy
Concepts

Manifest destiny was the belief in the 19th-century United States that American settlers were destined to expand westward across North America, and that this belief was both obvious ("manifest") and certain ("destiny"). The belief is rooted in American exceptionalism, Romantic nationalism, and white nationalism,[2][3][4] implying the inevitable spread of republicanism and the American way of life.[5] It is one of the earliest expressions of American imperialism in the United States.[6][7][8]

According to historian William Earl Weeks, there were three basic tenets behind the concept:[5]

  • The assumption of the unique moral virtue of the United States.
  • The assertion of its mission to redeem the world by the spread of republican government and more generally the "American way of life".
  • The faith in the nation's divinely ordained destiny to succeed in this mission.

Manifest destiny remained heavily divisive in politics, causing constant conflict with regards to slavery in these new states and territories.[9] It is also associated with the settler-colonial displacement of Indigenous Americans[10] and the annexation of lands to the west of the United States borders at the time on the continent. The concept became one of several major campaign issues during the 1844 presidential election, where the Democratic Party won and the phrase "Manifest Destiny" was coined within a year.[6][11] The concept was used by Democrats to justify the 1846 Oregon boundary dispute and the 1845 annexation of Texas as a slave state, culminating in the 1846 Mexican–American War. In contrast, the large majority of Whigs and prominent Republicans (such as Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant) rejected the concept and campaigned against these actions.[12][13][14] By 1843, former U.S. President John Quincy Adams, originally a major supporter of the concept underlying manifest destiny, had changed his mind and repudiated expansionism because it meant the expansion of slavery in Texas.[6] Ulysses S. Grant served in and condemned the Mexican–American War, declaring it "one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation".[13] Historian Daniel Walker Howe summarizes that "American imperialism did not represent an American consensus; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity".[6][15]

  1. ^ "John Gast, American Progress, 1872". Picturing U.S. History. City University of New York. Archived from the original on June 15, 2014.
  2. ^ Navarro, Armando (2005). Mexicano Political Experience in Occupied Aztlan: Struggles and Change. Rowman Altamira. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-7591-0567-6. The origins of Manifest Destiny can be traced to the founding of the United States as a nation-state. Its basis was and continues to be predicated on Anglo-Saxon chauvinism and imperialism. The cultural basis to its formulation was an Anglo-Saxon Protestant ethnocentric ethos, which subsequently evolved into a more inclusive Euroamerican ethos. [...] Manifest Destiny was and continues to be linked to white nationalism and liberal capitalist imperialism.
  3. ^ Wolfe, Patrick (January 12, 2016). Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race. Verso. ISBN 978-1-78168-918-9. During the nineteenth century, in the United States as in much of Europe, race came to be bound up in nation-building, Whiteness becoming entangled with Manifest Destiny under the aegis of what George Fredrickson termed 'white nationalism'.
  4. ^ Boutelle, R. J. (September 13, 2023). The Race for America: Black Internationalism in the Age of Manifest Destiny. UNC Press Books. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4696-7664-7. To name Manifest Destiny as a proto-white nationalist discourse, then, is to identify the age of Manifest Destiny as the primal scene where US-Americanness (including its essential 'Greatness') and whiteness (including its essential 'supremacy') become coextensive and where white nationalism and US-American nationalism become difficult to parse.
  5. ^ a b Weeks, William Earl (2002). John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0-8131-9058-7. The rhetoric of American empire comprises three main aspects: the assumption of the unique moral virtue of the United States, the assertion of its mission to redeem the world by the spread of republican government and more generally the "American way of life," and the faith in the nation's divinely ordained destiny to succeed in this mission.
  6. ^ a b c d Merk 1963, pp. 215–216
  7. ^ Byrnes, Mark Eaton (2001). James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 128. ISBN 978-1576070567.
  8. ^ "America's Manifest Destiny | The American Experience in the Classroom". Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference support was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Dahl, Adam (2018). Empire of the People: Settler Colonialism and the Foundations of Modern Democratic Thought. University Press of Kansas. pp. 101–26. doi:10.2307/j.ctt22rbjjz.8.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference coined was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Greenberg, Amy S. (2013). A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico. Vintage Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-0307475992.
  13. ^ a b Simpson, Brooks (2014). Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph Over Adversity, 1822–1865. Voyageur Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0760346969.
  14. ^ Joy, Mark (2014). American Expansionism, 1783–1860: A Manifest Destiny?. Routledge. pp. 62, 70. ISBN 978-1317878452.
  15. ^ Howe, D.W. (2007). What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. Oxford History of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 705. ISBN 978-0-19-972657-8.
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