Back Endecja Catalan Narodowa Demokracja Czech Narodowa Demokracja German Εθνική Δημοκρατία (Πολωνία) Greek Democracia Nacional (Polonia) Spanish Narodowa Demokracja Estonian حزب ناسیونال دموکرات (لهستان) Persian Démocratie nationale (Pologne) French Democrazia Nazionale (Polonia) Italian Tautiniai demokratai Lithuanian
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National Democracy Narodowa Demokracja | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Roman Dmowski |
| Founded | 1886 |
| Ideology | Polish nationalism Civic nationalism[1] National conservatism[2] Antisemitism |
| Political position | Right-wing |
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| Conservatism in Poland |
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National Democracy (Polish: Narodowa Demokracja, often abbreviated as ND or known as Endecja; [ɛn̪ˈd̪ɛt̪͡s̪jä]) was a Polish political movement that operated from the second half of the 19th century, during the partitions of Poland, until the end of the Second Polish Republic.[3] It effectively ceased to exist following the Germano–Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939.
Throughout its history, National Democracy underwent several phases of development.[3] Initially founded to advocate for Poland's sovereignty against the foreign imperial powers, the movement adopted a right-wing nationalist orientation after the country regained independence.[3] Its key founder and principal ideologue was Roman Dmowski, with other influential figures in the movement including Zygmunt Balicki and Jan Ludwik Popławski.[4]
National Democracy found its main base of support in Greater Poland (western Poland), where early momentum was driven by opposition to Imperial Germany's Germanization policies in Polish territories. Over time, the movement's focus shifted toward addressing what it perceived as economic competition between Polish Catholics and the Jewish community. The party's supporters primarily consisted of the ethnically Polish intelligentsia, the urban lower-middle class, segments of the middle class, and a significant youth wing.
During the interbellum Second Republic, the ND was a strong proponent for the Polonization of the country's German minority and of other non-Polish (Belarusian, Jewish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian) populations in Poland's eastern border regions (the Kresy). With the end of World War II, the occupation of the country by the Soviet Union, and the establishment of the Polish People's Republic, the National Democracy movement effectively ceased to exist.
- ^ Cat-Mackiewicz, Stanisław (2012). Historia Polski od 11 listopada 1918 do 17 września 1939. Universitas. ISBN 97883-242-3740-1.
- ^ Bohler, Jochen (2019). Civil War in Central Europe, 1918–1921: The Reconstruction of Poland. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
- ^ a b c Michał Szukała interview with Aleksander Hall (2014-08-05). "Dziedzictwo Narodowej Demokracji. W 150. rocznicę urodzin Romana Dmowskiego – rozmowa z Aleksandrem Hallem" (in Polish). 2013 © Muzeum Historii Polski (Museum of Poland's History). Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
Podzielam pogląd Wiesława Chrzanowskiego, który był moim zdaniem najwybitniejszym kontynuatorem endecji, który uważał, że Narodowa Demokracja należy do przeszłości, ponieważ wypełniła z powodzeniem swoje najważniejsze zadanie polegające na stworzeniu nowoczesnego narodu obejmującego wszystkie warstwy społeczne. Podobnie jak swoje misje wypełniły kształtujące się w tej samej epoce ruch ludowy, czy patriotyczny nurt PPS nadający świadomość narodową warstwie robotniczej. — Aleksander Hall, dissident under communism, minister during Solidarity years, member of Parliament Sejm, recipient of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland).
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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