Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity, later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. Cairo became the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century and of the subsequent Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, until its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867. The country was then occupied by the British Empire along with Sudan and gained independence in 1922 as a monarchy.
The pinnacle of ancient Egyptian power was achieved during the New Kingdom, which extended its rule to much of Nubia and a considerable portion of the Levant. After this period, Egypt entered an era of slow decline. Over the course of its history, it was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign civilizations, including the Hyksos, the Kushites, the Assyrians, the Persians, and, most notably, the Greeks and then the Romans. The end of ancient Egypt is variously defined as occurring with the end of the Late Period during the Wars of Alexander the Great in 332 BC or with the end of the Greek-ruled Ptolemaic Kingdom during the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. In AD 642, the Arab conquest of Egypt brought an end to the region's millennium-long Greco-Roman period. (Full article...)
Image 28A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, most probably Amenemhat II or Senwosret II. It functioned as a divine guardian for the imiut; the divine kilt suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 29Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the Yom Kippur War, 1973 (from Egypt)
Image 30Tutankhamun charging enemies on his chariot, 18th dynasty (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 31A tomb relief depicts workers plowing the fields, harvesting the crops, and threshing the grain under the direction of an overseer, painting in the tomb of Nakht. (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 32Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna, c. 1400 BC (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 36Early tomb painting from Nekhen, c. 3500 BC, Naqada, possibly Gerzeh culture (from Ancient Egypt)
Image 37Rectangular fishpond with ducks and lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees, Tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, 18th Dynasty (from Ancient Egypt)
... that the four sons of Horus were believed to have protected deceased people in the afterlife by creating a specialized connection with the deceased's internal organs?
A capable and brave soldier, Ibn al-Sallar assumed senior gubernatorial positions, culminating in the governorship of Alexandria. From this position in 1149 he launched a revolt, along with his stepson Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh. Defeating the army of the then vizier, Ibn Masal, he occupied Cairo and forced the young Caliph al-Zafir to appoint him vizier instead. A mutual disdain and hatred bound the two men thereafter, and the Caliph even conspired to have Ibn al-Sallar assassinated. During this tenure, Ibn al-Sallar restored order in the army and strove to halt Crusader attacks on Egypt, but with limited success. He was assassinated at the behest of his ambitious stepson Abbas, who succeeded him as vizier. (Full article...)
Selected cuisines, dishes and foods - show another
Feteer meshaltet (Egyptian Arabic: فطير مشلتت[fɪˈtˤiːrmeˈʃæltet], literally “cushioned pie” or “cushion-like pie”), often simply referred to as meshaltet (مشلتت), is a traditional Egyptian flaky layered pastry. It is composed of numerous thin layers of dough and ghee. Feteer meshaltet is typically served with sweet or savory accompaniments. Sweet versions are commonly dipped in honey or molasses, or spread with jam, while savory pairings include cheeses such as mish, as well as olives and torshi. Pies made from the same type of dough but prepared with various fillings instead of multiple layers of dough are generally referred to as feteer, distinguishing them from the plain feteer meshaltet. (Full article...)
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