Back Psigoanalise Afrikaans Psychoanalyse ALS تحليل نفسي Arabic تحليل نفسى ARZ মনোবিশ্লেষণ Assamese Sicoanálisis AST Psixoanaliz Azerbaijani سایکوآنالیتیک AZB Psychoanalyse BAR Псіхааналіз Byelorussian
 The words Die Psychoanalyse in Sigmund Freud's handwriting, 1938 | |
| ICD-9-CM | 94.31 |
|---|---|
| MeSH | D011572 |
| Part of a series of articles on |
| Psychoanalysis |
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Psychoanalysis[i] is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques[ii] that deal in part with the unconscious mind,[iii] and which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Sigmund Freud,[1] whose work stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud developed and refined the theory and practice of psychoanalysis until his death in 1939. In an encyclopedic article, he identified the cornerstones of psychoanalysis as "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of repression and resistance, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and of the Oedipus complex."[2] Freud's colleagues Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung developed offshoots of psychoanalysis which they called individual psychology (Adler) and analytical psychology (Jung), although Freud himself wrote a number of criticisms of them and emphatically denied that they were forms of psychoanalysis.[3] Psychoanalysis was later developed in different directions by neo-Freudian thinkers in the postwar period, many of where working in the United States, such as Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, and Harry Stack Sullivan.[4] The French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan described his own theoretical elaborations as a return to Freud, although many have noted Lacan's significant divergences from Freudian perspectives and models. He described Freudian metapsychology as a technical elaboration of the three-instance model of the psyche and primarily examined the logical structure of the unconscious.[5][6]
In traditional Freudian setting, the patient lies on a couch, and the analyst sits just behind or somehow out of sight. The patient should express all his thoughts, all secrets and dreams, including free associations and fantasies. In addition to its task of strengthening the ego with its ability to think logically - the "primacy of the intellect" -, therapy also aims to induce transference. The patient thus projects his educators as internalized in his superego since early childhood onto the analyst. As he once did as a baby and little child, he experiences the feelings of helpless dependence, the futile longing for love and anger, but now with the possibility of processing these contents that have shaped his persona.[7][8]
From the sum of what is communicated, the analyst deduces unconscious conflicts with imposed traumas that are causing the patient's symptoms and character problems, and works out a diagnosis. This explanation of the origin of the loss of mental health and the analytical processes as a whole confronts the patients ego with the pathological defence mechanisms, makes him aware of them as well as the contents of the id that have been repressed by them, and thus helps him to better understand the world in which he lives and was educated. (All people ‘project’ irrational content everywhere. The term Countertransference means that the analyst himself projects something onto his patient; then he has an own open problem and has to go to his own analyst if he is not yet able to help himself due to inexperience.)[9] This includes not least the fact that the neurlogical branch of psychoanalysis has recently provided evidence that the brain stores experiences in specialised neuronal networks (memory function of the superego) and the ego focuses the highest forms of its conscious thinking in the frontal lobe.[10][11]
Psychoanalysis has been a controversial discipline from the outset and its effectiveness as a treatment remains contested, although its influence on psychology and psychiatry is undisputed.[iv][v] Critics of the theory have characterised it as pseudoscientific and argued that central concepts to the theory like that of the id, ego, and superego are unfalsifiable.[12] In modern psychiatry, Freud's theories are rarely used and are often not taught to students.[13] Psychoanalytical concepts are also widely used outside the therapeutic field, for example in film and literary criticism, analysis of fairy tales, philosophical perspectives such as Freudo-Marxism and other cultural phenomena.
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- ^ Mitchell, Juliet. 2000. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis. London: Penguin Books. p. 341.
- ^ Mitchell J (1975). Psychoanalysis and Feminism. Pelican Books. p. 343.
- ^ Freud S (1966). On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p. 5.
- ^ Birnbach, Martin. 1961. Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 3.
- ^ Julien P (2021). Jacques Lacan's Return to Freud. New York University Press. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814743232.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-8147-4323-2. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
- ^ Lacan J. Freud's Papers on Technique (Seminar of Jacques Lacan). Jacques Alain.
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Popperwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Meza J. "For psych departments, Freud just doesn't cut it". www.thedp.com.