Science diplomacy describes how scientific exchanges and the cross-border collaboration of scientists or scientific organizations can perform diplomatic functions in the context of international relations. Most often this diplomacy happens as part of scientific cooperation as a means of building relationships between states and within international organizations. Science diplomacy is a set of activities in which scientific, diplomatic, and other interests overlap and in which states, international organizations and non-state actors represent themselves and their interests. It is a global phenomenon.[1][2][3][4][5]
Science diplomacy can include formal, informal, research-based, academic or engineering exchanges. It typically involves interactions between scientists and officials involved in diplomacy.[6][7] Science diplomacy’s advocates note that science diplomacy aims to address common problems. However, science diplomacy can at times reify or accentuate asymmetrical power relations, and, especially in times of international conflict, it is sometimes unclear if and how the actual policies and associated organizations can meet the expectations placed on science diplomacy.[8]
- ^ Turekian, Vaughan C.; Macindoe, Sarah; Copeland, Daryl; Davis, Lloyd S.; Patman, Robert G.; Pozza, Maria (2015), "The Emergence of Science Diplomacy", Science Diplomacy, World Scientific, pp. 3–24, doi:10.1142/9789814440073_0001, ISBN 978-981-4440-06-6, retrieved 2024-05-17
- ^ Ruffini, Pierre-Bruno (7 May 2017). Science and diplomacy : a new dimension of international relations. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-319-55104-3. OCLC 986538820.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Turekian, Vaughan (2018). "The Evolution of Science Diplomacy". Global Policy. 9 (S3): 5–7. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12622. ISSN 1758-5899.
- ^ Krasnyak, Olga; Ruffini, Pierre-Bruno (2020-02-26), Science Diplomacy, International Relations, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0277, ISBN 978-0-19-974329-2
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:3was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Jacobsen, Lif Lund; Olšáková, Doubravka (2020). "Diplomats in Science Diplomacy: Promoting Scientific and Technological Collaboration in International Relations". Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte. 43 (4): 465–472. doi:10.1002/bewi.202080402. ISSN 0170-6233. PMID 33616964.
- ^ Fähnrich, Birte (2016-11-21). "Science diplomacy: Investigating the perspective of scholars on politics–science collaboration in international affairs". Public Understanding of Science. 26 (6): 688–703. doi:10.1177/0963662515616552. ISSN 0963-6625. PMID 26721551. S2CID 206607999.
- ^ Flink, Tim (2022). "Taking the pulse of science diplomacy and developing practices of valuation". Science and Public Policy. pp. 191–200. doi:10.1093/scipol/scab074. Retrieved 2024-05-20.