Back نظرية التحديد الذاتي Arabic Teoria de l'autodeterminació Catalan Selvbestemmelsesteorien Danish Selbstbestimmungstheorie German Teoría de la autodeterminación Spanish Enesemääramise teooria Estonian نظریه خودمختاری Persian Itseohjautuvuusteoria Finnish Théorie de l'autodétermination French Teoría da autodeterminación Galician
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Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro theory of human motivation and personality regarding individuals' innate tendencies toward growth and innate psychological needs. It pertains to the motivation behind individuals' choices in the absence of external influences and distractions. SDT focuses on the degree to which human behavior is self-motivated and self-determined.[1][2][3]
In the 1970s, research on SDT evolved from studies comparing intrinsic and extrinsic motives[4] and a growing understanding of the dominant role that intrinsic motivation plays in individual behavior.[5] It was not until the mid-1980s, when Edward L. Deci and Richard Ryan wrote a book entitled Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior,[6] that SDT was formally introduced and accepted as having sound empirical evidence. Since the 2000s, research into practical applications of SDT has increased significantly.[7]
SDT is rooted in the psychology of intrinsic motivation, drawing upon the complexities of human motivation and the factors that foster or hinder autonomous engagement in activities.[8] Intrinsic motivation refers to initiating an activity because it is interesting and satisfying to do so, as opposed to doing an activity to obtain an external goal (i.e., from extrinsic motivation). A taxonomy of motivations has been described based on the degree to which they are internalized. Internalization refers to the active attempt to transform an extrinsic motive into personally endorsed values and thus assimilate behavioral regulations that were originally external.[9]
Deci and Ryan later expanded on their early work, differentiating between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and proposed three main intrinsic needs involved in self-determination.[10][11] According to Deci and Ryan, three basic psychological needs motivate self-initiated behavior and specify essential nutrients for individual psychological health and well-being. These needs are said to be universal and innate. The three needs are for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.[1]
- ^ a b Ryan, R. M.; Deci, E. L. (2000). "Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being". American Psychologist. 55 (1): 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68. hdl:20.500.12749/2107. PMID 11392867. S2CID 1887672.
- ^ Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation (pp. 85-107). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. New York: Guilford Publishing.
- ^ Morris, Laurel S.; Grehl, Mora M.; Rutter, Sarah B.; Mehta, Marishka; Westwater, Margaret L. (July 2022). "On what motivates us: a detailed review of intrinsic v. extrinsic motivation". Psychological Medicine. 52 (10): 1801–1816. doi:10.1017/S0033291722001611. ISSN 0033-2917. PMC 9340849. PMID 35796023.
- ^ e.g. Lepper, M. K., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 129–137.
- ^ Deci, Edward L.; Ryan, Richard M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7. ISBN 978-0-306-42022-1.
- ^ Vallerand, Robert J. (January 1, 2000). "Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory: A View from the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation". Psychological Inquiry. 11 (4): 312–318.
- ^ e.g. Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 105–115.
- ^ Ryan, R (1995). "Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes". Journal of Personality. 63 (3): 397–427. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x. PMID 7562360.
- ^ Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237–288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
- ^ Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 3149). New York: Plenum.