Shia Islam in Iraq

Iraqi Shias

شيعة العراق
Imam Ali Mosque, Najaf. One of the holiest sites in Shia Islam.
Total population
55–60% of the Iraqi population
Languages
Arabic (majority), Feyli Kurdish and Iraqi Turkmen (minority)
Religion
Shia Islam (Twelver)
Related ethnic groups
Semitic peoples, Iranian peoples, Turkish peoples

Shia Islam in Iraq (Arabic: الشيعة في العراق) has a history going back to the times of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first imam of Shia Islam and fourth caliph of Sunni Islam who moved the capital of the early caliphate from Medina to Kufa (or Najaf) two decades after the death of Muhammad. In 2015, Shia Muslims made up between 55% and 60% of the Iraqi population.^[1] Iraq is the location of the holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, pilgrimage sites for millions of Shia Muslims.

Najaf is the site of Ali's tomb, and Karbala is the site of the tomb of Muhammad's grandson, third Shia imam Husayn ibn Ali. Najaf is also a center of Shia learning and seminaries. Two other holy sites for Twelver Shia in Iraq are the Al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Baghdad, which contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth Shia Imams (Mūsā al-Kādhim and Muhammad al-Jawad) and the Al-Askari Mosque in Sāmarrā, which contains the tombs of the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-‘Askarī).

After the U.S.-led invasion in 2003, widespread sectarian violence erupted between Shias and Sunnis in Iraq, which led to the Iraqi civil war and the 2013–2017 war, which involved the Islamic State terror group.