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Superfluidity

Not to be confused with supercritical fluid.
Helium II will "creep" along surfaces in order to find its own level—after a short while, the levels in the two containers will equalize. The Rollin film also covers the interior of the larger container; if it were not sealed, the helium II would creep out and escape.
The liquid helium is in the superfluid phase. A thin invisible film creeps up the inside wall of the bowl and down on the outside. A drop forms. It will fall off into the liquid helium below. This will repeat until the cup is empty—provided the liquid remains superfluid.
Condensed matter physics
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Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium (helium-3 and helium-4) when they are liquefied by cooling to cryogenic temperatures. It is also a property of various other exotic states of matter theorized to exist in astrophysics, high-energy physics, and theories of quantum gravity.[1] The theory of superfluidity was developed by Soviet theoretical physicists Lev Landau and Isaak Khalatnikov.

Superfluidity often co-occurs with Bose–Einstein condensation, but neither phenomenon is directly related to the other; not all Bose–Einstein condensates can be regarded as superfluids, and not all superfluids are Bose–Einstein condensates.[2] Even when superfluidity and condensation co-occur, their magnitudes are not linked: at low temperature, liquid helium has a large superfluid fraction but a low condensate fraction; while a weakly interacting BEC, with almost unity condensate fraction, can display a vanishing superfluid fraction.[3]

Superfluids have some potential practical uses, such as dissolving substances in a quantum solvent.

  1. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 – Advanced Information". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  2. ^ Liu, Jerry Z. (2021), Superfluids Are Not Fluids (PDF), Stanford University, retrieved 15 November 2024
  3. ^ Chauveau, G.; Maury, C.; Rabec, F.; Heintze, C.; Brochier, G.; Nascimbene, S.; Dalibard, J.; Beugnon, J.; Roccuzzo, S. M.; Stringari, S. (2023-06-02). "Superfluid Fraction in an Interacting Spatially Modulated Bose-Einstein Condensate". Physical Review Letters. 130 (22). arXiv:2302.01776. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.226003. ISSN 0031-9007. Retrieved 2025-02-11.
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