Thabo Mbeki

His Excellency Thabo Mbeki
Mbeki in October 2003
2nd President of South Africa
In office 14 June 1999 – 24 September 2008
Deputy	Jacob Zuma (1999–2005) Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (2005–2008)
Preceded by	Nelson Mandela
Succeeded by	Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri (acting) Kgalema Motlanthe
12th President of the African National Congress
In office 20 December 1997 – 18 December 2007
Deputy	Jacob Zuma
Preceded by	Nelson Mandela
Succeeded by	Jacob Zuma
2nd Deputy President of South Africa
In office 10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999 Serving with Frederik Willem de Klerk until 30 June 1996
President	Nelson Mandela
Preceded by	Alwyn Schlebusch (as Vice State President)
Succeeded by	Jacob Zuma
6th Deputy President of the African National Congress
In office 20 December 1994 – 20 December 1997
President	Nelson Mandela
Preceded by	Walter Sisulu
Succeeded by	Jacob Zuma
Member of the National Assembly
In office 9 May 1994 – 20 December 1997
Constituency	Eastern Cape
National Chairperson of the African National Congress
In office 24 April 1993 – 20 December 1994
Preceded by	Oliver Tambo
Succeeded by	Jacob Zuma
Additional offices 1999‍–‍present 20th Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement In office 14 June 1999 – 31 October 2003 Preceded by Nelson Mandela Succeeded by Mahathir Mohamad 1st Chairperson of the African Union In office 9 July 2002 – 10 July 2003 Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Joaquim Chissano 9th Chancellor of the University of South Africa Incumbent Assumed office 8 December 2016 Vice Chancellor Puleng LenkaBula Preceded by Bernard Ngoepe
Personal details
Born	Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (1942-06-18) 18 June 1942 (age 82) Mbewuleni, South Africa
Political party	African National Congress
Other political affiliations	South African Communist Party (Tripartite Alliance)
Spouse	Zanele Dlamini ​ (m. 1974)​
Children	Kwanda Mbeki
Parents	Govan Mbeki (father) Epainette Mbeki (mother)
Relatives	Moeletsi Mbeki (brother)
Alma mater	University of Sussex
Occupation	Politician economist activist
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Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (Xhosa: [tʰaɓɔ ʼmbɛːki]; born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who served as the 2nd democratic president of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008, when he resigned at the request of his party, the African National Congress (ANC).^[1] Before that, he was deputy president under Nelson Mandela from 1994 to 1999.^[2]

The son of Govan Mbeki, a renowned ANC intellectual, Mbeki has been involved in ANC politics since 1956, when he joined the ANC Youth League, and has been a member of the party's National Executive Committee since 1975. Born in the Transkei, he left South Africa aged twenty to attend university in England, and spent almost three decades in exile abroad, until the ANC was unbanned in 1990. He rose through the organisation in its information and publicity section and as Oliver Tambo's protégé, but he was also an experienced diplomat, serving as the ANC's official representative in several of its African outposts. He was an early advocate for and leader of the diplomatic engagements which led to the negotiations to end apartheid. After South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, he was appointed national deputy president. In subsequent years, it became apparent that he was Mandela's chosen successor, and he was elected unopposed as ANC president in 1997, enabling his rise to the presidency as the ANC's candidate in the 1999 elections.

While deputy president, Mbeki had been regarded as a steward of the government's Growth, Employment and Redistribution policy, introduced in 1996, and as president he continued to subscribe to relatively conservative, market-friendly macroeconomic policies. During his presidency, South Africa experienced falling public debt, a narrowing budget deficit, and consistent, moderate economic growth. However, despite his retention of various social democratic programmes, and notable expansions to the black economic empowerment programme, critics often regarded Mbeki's economic policies as neoliberal, with insufficient consideration for developmental and redistributive objectives. On these grounds, Mbeki grew increasingly alienated from the left wing of the ANC, and from the leaders of the ANC's Tripartite Alliance partners, the Congress of South African Trade Unions and South African Communist Party. It was these leftist elements which supported Jacob Zuma over Mbeki in the political rivalry that erupted after Mbeki removed the latter from his post as deputy president in 2005.

As president, Mbeki had an apparent predilection for foreign policy and particularly for multilateralism. His Pan-Africanism and vision for an "African renaissance" are central parts of his political persona, and commentators suggest that he secured for South Africa a role in African and global politics that was disproportionate to the country's size and historical influence.^[3][4] He was the central architect of the New Partnership for Africa's Development and, as the inaugural chairperson of the African Union, spearheaded the introduction of the African Peer Review Mechanism. After the IBSA Dialogue Forum was launched in 2003, his government collaborated with India and Brazil to lobby for reforms at the United Nations, advocating for a stronger role for developing countries. Among South Africa's various peacekeeping commitments during his presidency, Mbeki was the primary mediator in the conflict between ZANU-PF and the Zimbabwean opposition in the 2000s. However, he was frequently criticised for his policy of "quiet diplomacy" in Zimbabwe, under which he refused to condemn Robert Mugabe's regime or institute sanctions against it.

Also highly controversial worldwide was Mbeki's HIV/AIDS policy. His government did not introduce a national mother-to-child transmission prevention programme until 2002, when it was mandated by the Constitutional Court, nor did it make antiretroviral therapy available in the public healthcare system until late 2003. Subsequent studies have estimated that these delays caused hundreds of thousands of preventable deaths.^[5][6][7] Mbeki himself, like his Health Minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, has been described as an AIDS denialist, "dissident", or sceptic. Although he did not explicitly deny the causal link between HIV and AIDS, he often posited a need to investigate alternate causes of and alternative treatments for AIDS, frequently suggesting that immunodeficiency was the indirect result of poverty.

His political descent began at the ANC's Polokwane conference in December 2007, when he was replaced as ANC president by Zuma. Although his term as national president was not due to expire until June 2009, he announced on 20 September 2008 that he would resign at the request of the ANC National Executive Committee. The ANC's decision to "recall" Mbeki was understood to be linked to a High Court judgement, handed down earlier that month, in which judge Chris Nicholson had alleged improper political interference in the National Prosecuting Authority and specifically in the corruption charges against Zuma. Nicholson's judgement was overturned by the Supreme Court of Appeal in January 2009, by which time Mbeki had been replaced as president by Kgalema Motlanthe.