Back Undue influence German Abus d'influence French 부당위압 Korean ਨਾਜਾਇਜ਼ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵ Punjabi 不恰當的影響力 Chinese
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Undue influence (UI) is a psychological process by which a person's free will and judgement is supplanted by that of another.[1][2] It is a legal term and the strict definition varies by jurisdiction.[3][4] Generally speaking, it is a means by which a person gains control over their victims' decision making through manipulation tactics and unfair pressure, typically for financial gain.[1][4] Historically, UI has been poorly understood, even in some legal circles.[5]
Undue influence is typically perpetrated by a person who is trusted by the victim and is dependent on them for emotional and physical needs.[1][6][4] Caregivers are often found to have unduly influenced their patients, however, anyone in a position of trust and authority over the victim (e.g. fiduciary) may be guilty. This includes the victims' attorney, accountant, nursing home attendant, or even children.[4][6][7][8] UI is a process, not a single event. A manipulator may spend weeks, months, or even years before successfully unduly-influencing their victim.[1] Anyone is susceptible to UI, but the elderly are particularly vulnerable.[7][5][4] Perpetrators of UI operate in shadow, enacting their manipulation behind closed doors where there are no witnesses.[5] A person being unduly influenced may become withdrawn, depressive and passive. Physical signs of abuse may include unexplained bruising, scratches, and/or broken bones. Other signs may include missing or broken dentures, prescription eyeglasses, hearing aids or other assistive devices.
A distinction is made between the nature of capacity and undue influence.[1][5][4] In assessing capacity, the practitioner evaluates an individual's ability to competently perform tasks (e.g., execute a will or give medical consent).[1] These assessments give insight to the functioning of the cognitive capabilities at that moment in time.[1] Conversely, screening for undue influence is focused on the process of events which occur over an extended period. To determine whether another person is leveraging unfair tactics on the victim, an assessment specific to undue influence is required.[1][8][4]
Undue influence occurs in various circumstances including, but not limited to domestic violence, hostage situations, cults, prisoners of war, and dictatorships.[1][9][5][4] The common theme among these situations is the aspect of psychological manipulation.[1] Traumatic bonding may occur between the victim and influencer, as a result, the victim may even defend the perpetrator. The effectiveness of cult tactics (e.g. love bombing) on young and healthy individuals illustrates that anyone, regardless of mental status, is a potential victim of UI under certain circumstances.[4]
Elderly Americans are living longer, and with this increased life expectancy, the prevalence of cognitive disorders associated with advanced age has also increased.[4][6][5] A significant concentration of wealth is controlled by this aging demographic making them a potential target for exploitation.[6][10] Modern families are becoming more complex and dispersed. Given these factors, the number of will contests involving undue influence is expected to increase.[7][5][4]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Quinn, Mary Joy; Nerenberg, Lisa; Navarro, Adria E.; Wilber, Kathleen H. (2017-04-11). "Developing an undue influence screening tool for Adult Protective Services". Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect. 29 (2–3): 157–185. doi:10.1080/08946566.2017.1314844. ISSN 0894-6566. PMID 28398137. S2CID 46487332.
- ^ "Undue Influence". California Elder Justice Coalition (CEJC). Retrieved 2021-12-12.
- ^ Taylor, Gabriel (2021-03-27). "What Is The Legal Definition Of "Undue Influence?"". Oxford Legal. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Plotkin, Daniel A.; Spar, James E.; Horwitz, Howard L. (2016-09-01). "Assessing Undue Influence". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. 44 (3): 344–351. ISSN 1093-6793. PMID 27644868.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Defining Undue Influence". www.americanbar.org. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
- ^ a b c d Peisah, C.; Finkel, S.; Shulman, K.; Melding, P.; Luxenberg, J.; Heinik, J.; Jacoby, R.; Reisberg, B.; Stoppe, G.; Barker, A.; Firmino, H. (February 2009). "The wills of older people: risk factors for undue influence". International Psychogeriatrics. 21 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1017/S1041610208008120 (inactive 2024-11-27). ISSN 1041-6102. PMID 19040788. S2CID 22488750.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ a b c Liu, Pi-Ju; Wood, Stacey; Hanoch, Yaniv (2015), "Choice and Aging", Aging and Decision Making, Elsevier, pp. 309–327, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417148-0.00015-7, ISBN 9780124171480, retrieved 2021-12-10
- ^ a b Mart, Eric G. (2016-09-01). "Neuropsychological Assessment of Testamentary Capacity and Undue Influence". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 31 (6): 554–561. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw048. ISSN 0887-6177. PMID 27480988.
- ^ Hassan, S. A.; Shah, M. J. (2019-01-01). "The anatomy of undue influence used by terrorist cults and traffickers to induce helplessness and trauma, so creating false identities". Ethics, Medicine and Public Health. 8: 97–107. doi:10.1016/j.jemep.2019.03.002. ISSN 2352-5525. S2CID 151201448.
- ^ Hall, Mark. "The Greatest Wealth Transfer In History: What's Happening And What Are The Implications". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-12-10.