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A unit of selection is a biological entity within the hierarchy of biological organization (for example, an entity such as: a self-replicating molecule, a gene, a cell, an organism, a group, or a species) that is subject to natural selection. There is debate among evolutionary biologists about the extent to which evolution has been shaped by selective pressures acting at these different levels.[1][2][3]
There is debate over the relative importance of the units themselves. For instance, is it group or individual selection that has driven the evolution of altruism? Where altruism reduces the fitness of individuals, individual-centered explanations for the evolution of altruism become complex and rely on the use of game theory,[4][5] for instance; see kin selection and group selection. There also is debate over the definition of the units themselves,[6] and the roles for selection and replication,[2] and whether these roles may change in the course of evolution.[7]
- ^ Okasha, S. (2006) Evolution and the levels of selection. Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Hull, David L.; Langman, Rodney E.; Glenn, Sigrid S. (2001). "Chapter 3: A general account of selection". Science and Selection: Essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521644051.
- ^ Zee, Peter; Dyken, J. David Van; Bever, James D.; Richerson, Peter J.; Fletcher, Jeffrey A.; Linksvayer, Timothy A.; Breden, Felix; Fields, Peter; Edmund D. Brodie Iii (February 2010). "Multilevel and kin selection in a connected world". Nature. 463 (7283): E8–E9. Bibcode:2010Natur.463....8W. doi:10.1038/nature08809. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3151728. PMID 20164866.
- ^ Maynard Smith, John (1986). "The evolution of animal intelligence". In Hookway, Christopher (ed.). Minds, Machines and Evolution. CUP Archive. p. 64. ISBN 9780521338288.
- ^ Dugatkin, Lee Alan (1998). "§3.2.3 Category III: Group selection". In Dugatkin, Lee Alan; Reeve, Hudson Kern (eds.). Game Theory and Animal Behavior. Oxford University Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780195350203.
group-selected cooperation can always be cast within some broad-based individual selection model
- ^ Bourrat, Pierrick (August 2021). Facts, Conventions, and the Levels of Selection. doi:10.1017/9781108885812. ISBN 9781108885812. S2CID 238732212. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ von Sydow, Momme (2012). From Darwinian Metaphysics towards Understanding the Evolution of Evolutionary Mechanisms. A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Gene-Darwinism and Universal Darwinism. Universitaetsverlag Goettingen Press. p. 481. ISBN 978-3863950064.