Back Oeraalse tale Afrikaans Uralische Sprachen ALS ኡራሊክ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ Amharic Luengas uralicas AN لغات أورالية Arabic لوغات ؤرالية ARY Llingües uráliques AST Ural dilləri Azerbaijani اورال دیللری AZB Урал телдәре Bashkir
| Uralic | |
|---|---|
| Uralian | |
| Geographic distribution | Central Europe, Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Northern Asia |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Proto-language | Proto-Uralic |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-5 | urj |
| Glottolog | ural1272 |
 | |
The Uralic languages (/jʊəˈrælɪk/ yoor-AL-ik), sometimes called the Uralian languages (/jʊəˈreɪliən/ yoor-AY-lee-ən),[3] are spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian (which alone accounts for approximately 60% of speakers), Finnish, and Estonian. Other languages with speakers above 100,000 are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt and Komi spoken in the European parts of the Russian Federation. Still smaller minority languages are Sámi languages of the northern Fennoscandia; other members of the Finnic languages, ranging from Livonian in northern Latvia to Karelian in northwesternmost Russia; and the Samoyedic languages, Mansi and Khanty spoken in Western Siberia.
The name Uralic derives from the family's purported "original homeland" (Urheimat) hypothesized to have been somewhere in the vicinity of the Ural Mountains, and was first proposed by Julius Klaproth in Asia Polyglotta (1823).[4][5]
Finno-Ugric is sometimes used as a synonym for Uralic,[6] though Finno-Ugric is widely understood to exclude the Samoyedic languages.[7] Scholars who do not accept the traditional notion that Samoyedic split first from the rest of the Uralic family may treat the terms as synonymous.[8]
Uralic languages are known for their often complex case systems and vowel harmony.
- ^ Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). "Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic". PLOS ONE. 17 (6): e0269648. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769648R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269648. PMC 9176854. PMID 35675367.
- ^ Rantanen, Timo; Vesakoski, Outi; Ylikoski, Jussi; Tolvanen, Harri (2021-05-25), Geographical database of the Uralic languages, doi:10.5281/ZENODO.4784188
- ^ "Uralic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
- ^ Klaproth, Julius (1823). Asia Polyglotta (in German). Paris: A. Schubart. p. 182. hdl:2027/ia.ark:/13960/t2m66bs0q.
- ^ Stipa, Günter Johannes (1990). Finnisch-ugrische Sprachforschung von der Renaissance bis zum Neupositivismus (PDF). Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia (in German). Vol. 206. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. p. 294.
- ^ Bakró-Nagy, Marianne (2012). "The Uralic Languages". Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire. 90 (3): 1001–1027. doi:10.3406/rbph.2012.8272.
- ^ Tommola, Hannu (2010). "Finnish among the Finno-Ugrian languages". Mood in the Languages of Europe. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 155. ISBN 978-90-272-0587-2.
- ^ Aikio 2022, pp. 1–4.