Back Varidnaviria German Varidnaviria Spanish Varidnaviria ID ウァリドナウィリア Japanese Varidnaviria Dutch Varidnaviria Portuguese Varidnaviria Russian Varidnaviria Ukrainian 多變去氧核糖核酸病毒域 Chinese
| Varidnaviria | |
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| A ribbon diagram of the DJR-MCP of bacteriophage PM2, with the two jelly roll folds colored in red and blue | |
Virus classification 
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| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Varidnaviria |
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| Synonyms[1][2] | |
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Varidnaviria is a realm of viruses that includes all DNA viruses that encode major capsid proteins that contain two vertical jelly roll folds. The major capsid proteins (MCP) form into pseudohexameric subunits of the viral capsid, which stores the viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The jelly roll folds are vertical, or perpendicular, to the surface of the capsid. Apart from the double jelly roll fold MCP (DJR-MCP), most viruses in the realm share many other characteristics, such as minor capsid proteins (mCP) that has one vertical jelly roll fold, an ATPase that packages viral DNA into the capsid, a DNA polymerase that replicates the viral genome, and capsids that are icosahedral in shape.
Varidnaviria was established in 2019 based on the shared characteristics of the viruses in the realm. There are two kingdoms in the realm: Abadenaviria, which contains all prokaryotic DJR-MCP viruses except tectiviruses, and Bamfordvirae which contains tectiviruses and all eukaryotic DJR-MCP viruses. The DJR-MCP of Varidnaviria is believed to share common ancestry with the DUF2961 family of proteins, which are widespread in cellular life and which are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism and binding. Up to 2025, the realm included viruses that have a vertical single jelly roll (SJR) fold in the MCP, but these viruses were moved to a separate realm, Singelaviria, after it was shown that the vertical SJR and DJR folds have separate evolutionary origins.
Marine viruses in the realm are highly abundant worldwide in the upper ocean and are important in marine ecology. Many animal viruses in Varidnaviria are associated with disease, including adenoviruses, poxviruses, and the African swine fever virus. Poxviruses have been prominent in the history of medicine, especially smallpox, caused by Variola virus. The first vaccine to be invented prevented smallpox, which later became the first disease eradicated. The realm includes a number of highly unusual viruses, including giant viruses that are much larger in size and contain a significantly greater number of genes than typical viruses, and virophages, which are viruses that are parasites of giant viruses.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Kauffman KM, Hussain FA, Yang J, Arevalo P, Brown JM, Chang WK, VanInsberghe D, Elsherbini J, Sharma RS, Cutler MB, Kelly L, Polz MF (1 February 2018). "A Major Lineage of Non-Tailed dsDNA Viruses as Unrecognized Killers of Marine Bacteria". Nature. 554 (7690): 118–122. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..118K. doi:10.1038/nature25474. PMID 29364876. S2CID 4462007.
- ^ Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M, Varsani A, Wolf YI, Yutin N, Zerbini M, Kuhn JH (18 October 2019). "Create a megataxonomic framework, filling all principal taxonomic ranks, for DNA viruses encoding vertical jelly roll-type major capsid proteins" (docx). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 10 June 2020.