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| Vitamin B3 | |
|---|---|
| Drug class | |
 Structure of nicotinamide, one of the vitamers of vitamin B3 | |
| Class identifiers | |
| Use | Vitamin B3 deficiency |
| ATC code | A11H |
| Biological target | enzyme cofactor (all NAD-dependent enzymes) |
| Clinical data | |
| Drugs.com | Niacin |
| External links | |
| MeSH | D009536 |
| Legal status | |
| In Wikidata | |
Vitamin B3, colloquially referred to as niacin, is a vitamin family that includes three forms, or vitamers: nicotinic acid (niacin), nicotinamide (niacinamide), and nicotinamide riboside.[1][2] All three forms of vitamin B3 are converted within the body to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).[1][3] NAD is required for human life and people are unable to make it within their bodies without either vitamin B3 or tryptophan.[1] Nicotinamide riboside was identified as a form of vitamin B3 in 2004.[2][4]
Niacin (the nutrient) can be manufactured by plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan.[5] Niacin is obtained in the diet from a variety of whole and processed foods, with highest contents in fortified packaged foods, meat, poultry, red fish such as tuna and salmon, lesser amounts in nuts, legumes and seeds.[1][3] Niacin as a dietary supplement is used to treat pellagra, a disease caused by niacin deficiency. Signs and symptoms of pellagra include skin and mouth lesions, anemia, headaches, and tiredness.[1][6] Many countries mandate its addition to wheat flour or other food grains, thereby reducing the risk of pellagra.[3][7]
The amide nicotinamide is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). Although nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are identical in their vitamin activity, nicotinamide does not have the same pharmacological, lipid-modifying effects or side effects as nicotinic acid, i.e., when nicotinic acid takes on the -amide group, it does not reduce cholesterol nor cause flushing.[1][8][9] Nicotinamide is recommended as a treatment for niacin deficiency because it can be administered in remedial amounts without causing the flushing, considered an adverse effect.[1][10] In the past, the group was loosely referred to as vitamin B3 complex.[11]
Extra-terrestrial nicotinic acid and nicotinamide have been detected in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites[12] and in sample-returns from the asteroids 162173 Ryugu[13][14] and 101955 Bennu.[15]
- ^ a b c d e f g "Niacin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health. November 18, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2025.
- ^ a b Stipanuk MH, Caudill MA (2013). Biochemical, Physiological, and Molecular Aspects of Human Nutrition - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 541. ISBN 9780323266956.
Vitamin B3... potentially includes three different molecular forms: nicotinic acid, niacinamide, and nicotinamide riboside
- ^ a b c "Niacin". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. October 8, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2019.
- ^ Bieganowski P, Brenner C (May 14, 2004). "Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans". Cell. 117 (4): 495–502. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00416-7. PMID 15137942.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
DRItextwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Hegyi J, Schwartz RA, Hegyi V (January 2004). "Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea". International Journal of Dermatology. 43 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01959.x. PMID 14693013. S2CID 33877664.
- ^ "Why fortify?". Food Fortification Initiative. 2017. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
- ^ Jaconello P (October 1992). "Niacin versus niacinamide". CMAJ. 147 (7): 990. PMC 1336277. PMID 1393911.
- ^ Kirkland JB (May 2012). "Niacin requirements for genomic stability". Mutation Research. 733 (1–2): 14–20. Bibcode:2012MRFMM.733...14K. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.11.008. PMID 22138132.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Pellagra And Its Preventionwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Silvestre R, Torrado E (2018). Metabolic Interaction in Infection. Springer. p. 364. ISBN 9783319749327.
Niacin or nicotinate, together with its amide form nicotinamide, defines the group of vitamin B3 complex
- ^ Oba Y, Takano Y, Furukawa Y, Koga T, Glavin DP, Dworkin JP, Naraoka H (April 2022). "Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucleobases in carbonaceous meteorites". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 2008. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-29612-x. PMC 9042847. PMID 35473908.
- ^ Strickland A (March 22, 2023). "RNA compound and vitamin B3 found in samples from near-Earth asteroid". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
- ^ Oba Y, Koga T, Takano Y, Ogawa NO, Ohkouchi N, Sasaki K, Sato H, Glavin DP, Dworkin JP, Naraoka H, Tachibana S, Yurimoto H, Nakamura T, Noguchi T, Okazaki R (March 21, 2023). "Uracil in the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 1292. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.1292O. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36904-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10030641. PMID 36944653. S2CID 257641373.
- ^ Glavin DP, Dworkin JP, Alexander CM, Aponte JC, Baczynski AA, Barnes JJ, Bechtel HA, Berger EL, Burton AS, Caselli P, Chung AH, Clemett SJ, Cody GD, Dominguez G, Elsila JE, Farnsworth KK, Foustoukos DI, Freeman KH, Furukawa Y, Gainsforth Z, Graham HV, Grassi T, Giuliano BM, Hamilton VE, Haenecour P, Heck PR, Hofmann AE, House CH, Huang Y, Kaplan HH, Keller LP, Kim B, Koga T, Liss M, McLain HL, Marcus MA, Matney M, McCoy TJ, McIntosh OM, Mojarro A, Naraoka H, Nguyen AN, Nuevo M, Nuth JA, Oba Y, Parker ET, Peretyazhko TS, Sandford SA, Santos E, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Seguin F, Simkus DN, Shahid A, Takano Y, Thomas-Keprta KL, Tripathi H, Weiss G, Zheng Y, Lunning NG, Righter K, Connolly HC, Lauretta DS (2025). "Abundant ammonia and nitrogen-rich soluble organic matter in samples from asteroid (101955) Bennu". Nature Astronomy. 9 (2): 199–210. doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02472-9. PMC 11842271. PMID 39990238.