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A waterspout is a rotating column of air that occurs over a body of water, usually appearing as a funnel-shaped cloud in contact with the water and a cumuliform cloud.[1][2] There are two types of waterspout, each formed by distinct mechanisms. The most common type is a weak vortex known as a "fair weather" or "non-tornadic" waterspout. The other less common type is simply a classic tornado occurring over water rather than land, known as a "tornadic", "supercellular", or "mesocyclonic" waterspout, and accurately a "tornado over water".[3][4] A fair weather waterspout has a five-part life cycle: formation of a dark spot on the water surface; spiral pattern on the water surface; formation of a spray ring; development of a visible condensation funnel; and ultimately, decay.[2][5][6] Most waterspouts do not suck up water.[2][7]
While waterspouts form mostly in tropical and subtropical areas,[2] they are also reported in Europe,[8] Western Asia (the Middle East),[9] Australia, New Zealand, the Great Lakes, Antarctica,[10][11] and on rare occasions, the Great Salt Lake.[12] Some are also found on the East Coast of the United States, and the coast of California.[1] Although rare, waterspouts have been observed in connection with lake-effect snow precipitation bands.
- ^ a b Burt, Christopher (2004). Extreme weather : a guide & record book. Cartography by Stroud, Mark. (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393326581. OCLC 55671731.
- ^ a b c d "A Comprehensive Glossary of Weather: Waterspout definition". geographic.org. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ "Waterspout". Answers.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ Keith C. Heidorn. Islandnet.com (ed.). "Water Twisters". The Weather Doctor Almanach. Archived from the original on 19 May 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ What Is a Waterspout? (Weather Channel video)
- ^ Jessica Hamilton Young (17 July 2016). "Waterspout comes ashore in Galveston". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016.
- ^ Schwiesow, R.L.; Cupp, R.E.; Sinclair, P.C.; Abbey, R.F. (April 1981). "Waterspout Velocity Measurements by Airborne Doppler Lidar". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 20 (4): 341–348. Bibcode:1981JApMe..20..341S. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0341:WVMBAD>2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Dolet, Simon (2024). "Le littoral et la mer : un espace météorologique vécu à travers les trombes marines au XVIIIe siècle". Revue de géographie historique. 54 (1). doi:10.4000/11pc0. ISSN 2264-2617.
- ^ Lewis, Avi (3 November 2014). "Waterspout wows Tel Aviv waterfront". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ "Several waterspouts filmed on Lake Michigan in US". BBC News. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
- ^ Taylor, Stanley (13 January 1913). "Antarctic Diary Part 4: The S.Y. Aurora's stay in Commonwealth Bay Adelie Land waiting for Dr Douglas Mawson and the Far East Party to return, working on the Marconi Wireless". Antarctic Diary. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- ^ Joanne Simpson; G. Roff; B. R. Morton; K. Labas; G. Dietachmayer; M. McCumber; R. Penc (December 1991). "A Great Salt Lake Waterspout". Monthly Weather Review. 119 (12). AMS: 2741–2770. Bibcode:1991MWRv..119.2741S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-119-12-2740.1.