Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam الزُّبَيْر بْن الْعَوَّام
Native name	Arabic: زبير ابن العوام
Other name(s)	Hawari Rasul Allah ('Disciple of Messenger of God') Abu Abd Allah
Born	c. 594 Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died	c. 656 (aged 61–62) Basra, Rashidun Caliphate
Buried	Mazar Zubayr, Zubayriyya, Iraq
Allegiance	Rashidun Caliphate
Service / branch	Rashidun army Khatiba al Khudra e were coined by Tabari[1] Jund Filastin (Palestine division)[2] Jund al-Misr (Egypt division)[3][4][Notes 1]
Years of service	624–656
Rank	Amir al Jaysh (Field commander of the caliphate army)[6]
Commands	Field commander of Battle of Badr, Conquest of Mecca,[4] and Muslim conquest of Egypt[4] Rashidun cavalry commander in Battle of Hunayn[7] and conquest of al-Bahnasa[8] Commander of the Basra army of Aisha †
Battles / wars	Battles under Muhammad Battle of Badr Battle of Uhud Battle of Hamra al-Asad[9] Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa[9] Invasion of Banu Nadir[9] Expedition of Badr al-Maw'id[9] Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa[9] Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal[9] Expedition of al-Muraysi'[9] Battle of the Trench[4] Invasion of Banu Qurayza[9] Invasion of Banu Lahyan[9] Expedition of Dhu Qarad[9] Conquest of Fadak[9] Battle of Khaybar Third Expedition of Wadi al Qura[9] Conquest of Mecca Hunayn & Awtas Siege of Ta'if Battle of Tabuk Apostate wars Defense of Medina Expedition of Balqa Battle of Yamama Muslim conquest of the Levant Capture of Amman Battle of Yarmouk Capture of Ayla[10] Muslim conquest of Persia Battle of Nahavand[11] Muslim conquest of Egypt Capture of Faiyum Battle of Heliopolis Siege of Heliopolis Siege of Babylon Fortress Muslim conquest of Sudan Battle of Darishkur[3] Siege of Bahnasa[3] Muslim conquest of the Maghreb Siege of Tripolitania Siege of Cyrenaica Siege of Sabratha[12] Siege of Sharwas city Battle of Sufetula[13] First caliphate civil war Battle of the Camel †
Spouse(s)	Asma bint Abi Bakr Umm Kulthum bint Uqba Atiqa bint Zayd Rabab bint Unayf Tumadir bint al-Asbagh
Children	Abd Allah Urwa Mus'ab Khalid Zaynab
Relations	Al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid (father) Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib (mother)
Other work	First chain Narrator of Hadith Mufti of the Rashidun Caliphate Majlis-ash-Shura advisory council member Registrar of zakat and charity

Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid al-Asadi (Arabic: الزُّبَيْر بْن الْعَوَّام بْن خُوَيْلِد الأَسَدِيّ, romanized: al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām ibn Khuwaylid al-ʾAsadī; c. 594–656) was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644) who played a leading role in the Ridda wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632–633 and later participated in early Muslim conquests of Sasanid Persia in 633–634, Byzantine Syria in 634–638, and the Exarchate of Africa in 639–643.

An early convert to Islam, Zubayr was a commander in the Battle of Badr in 624, in which the latter was instrumental in defeating the opponent forces of the Quraysh. He participated in almost all of the early Muslim battles and expeditions under Muhammad. In the Battle of the Trench, due to his military service, Muhammad bestowed the title Hawari Rasul Allah ('Disciple of Messenger of God') upon him. After Muhammad's demise, Zubayr was appointed as a commander, in the Ridda Wars, by caliph Abu Bakr. He was involved in the defense of Medina and Battle of Yamama. During Umar's caliphate, Zubayr served in the Muslim conquests of Egypt, Levant, Persia, Sudan, and Tripolitania.

After Umar's assassination, Zubayr became an important political figure of the caliphate, being the chief advisor of the Shura that elected the third caliph Uthman. During the latter's caliphate, Zubayr advised the caliph in political and religious issues.^[13] After Uthman was assassinated, Zubayr pledged allegiance to the fourth caliph Ali, though later withdrew allegiance, after Ali refused to avenge Uthman's death. Zubayr's forces engaged with Ali's forces in the Battle of the Camel in December 656. In the aftermath, while Zubayr was prostrating in prayer, he was killed by Amr ibn Jurmuz.

Zubayr is generally considered by historians to be one of early Islam's most accomplished commanders. The Sunni Islamic tradition credits Zubayr as being promised paradise. The Shia Islamic tradition views Zubayr negatively. The general's descendants, known as the Zubayrids, are found worldwide.

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