Iran

Islamic Republic of Iran جُمْهُورَى اسْلَامَى اىرَانْ
Flag Emblem
Motto:  استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی Esteghlāl, Āzādi, Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi ("Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic") (de facto)[1]
Anthem: سرود ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ("National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran")
Capital and largest city	Tehran 35°41′N 51°25′E / 35.683°N 51.417°E / 35.683; 51.417
Official languages	Persian
Recognised regional languages	List of languages 63% Persian 8% Azerbaijani and other Turkic dialects (incl. Qashqai, Turkmen)[2] 10% Kurdish 7% Gilak and Mazanderani 6% Luri 2% Balochi 2% Arabic 2% other[3] (incl. Armenian, Assyrian, Georgian, Laki, Semnani, Talysh, Tati)
Ethnic groups	List of ethnicities 69% Persian 6% Azerbaijani 10% Kurd 6% Lur (incl. Bakhtiari) 2% Turkmen and other Turkic peoples 2% Baloch 2% Arab 3% other[3]
Religion	Shia Islam (official)[4]
Demonym(s)	Iranian
Government	Unitary theocratic presidential Islamic republic
• Supreme Leader	Ali Khamenei
• President	Masoud Pezeshkian
• Parliament Speaker	Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
• Chief Justice	Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Legislature	Islamic Consultative Assembly
Establishment history
• Median Empire	c. 678 BC
• Achaemenid Empire	550 BC
• Parthian Empire	247 BC
• Sasanian Empire	224 AD[5]
• Buyid dynasty	934
• Safavid Iran	1501[6]
• Afsharid dynasty	1736
• Zand dynasty	1751
• Qajar Iran	1796
• Pahlavi Iran	15 December 1925
• Islamic Revolution	11 February 1979
• Current constitution	3 December 1979
• Latest amendment	28 July 1989
Area
• Total	1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi) (17th)
• Water (%)	1.63 (as of 2015)[7]
Population
• 2019 estimate	83,183,741[8] (17th)
• Density	48/km2 (124.3/sq mi) (162nd)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$1.246,26 trillion[9] (23th)
• Per capita	$14,520[9] (66th)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$1.136,68 trillion[9] (17st)
• Per capita	$13,240[9] (78th)
Gini (2018)	42.0[10] medium
HDI (2019)	0.783[11] high · 70th
Currency	Iranian rial (ریال) (IRR)
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Date format	yyyy/mm/dd (SH)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+98
ISO 3166 code	IR
Internet TLD	.ir ایران.

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, also known as Persia, is a country in Western Asia. It is part of the Middle East region. It shares borders with Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.

1. ↑ Jeroen Temperman (2010). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance. Brill. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9. Archived from the original on 2022-12-18. Retrieved 2022-02-23. The official motto of Iran is Takbir ('God is the Greatest' or 'God is Great'). Transliteration Allahu Akbar. As referred to in art. 18 of the constitution of Iran (1979). The de facto motto however is: 'Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic.'
2. ↑ "Iran - Languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Cite error: The named reference cia was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
4. ↑ "Iran".
5. ↑ Sarkhosh Curtis, Vesta; Stewart, Sarah (2005), Birth of the Persian Empire: The Idea of Iran, London: I.B. Tauris, p. 108, ISBN 978-1-84511-062-8, archived from the original on 2022-12-18, retrieved 2022-02-23, Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name 'Iran' disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or 'Iranian lands', which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations.
6. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Andrew J. Newman 2006 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
7. ↑ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
8. ↑ "داده‌ها و اطلاعات آماری". amar.org.ir. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3} "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
10. ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
11. ↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.