Turkey

Republic of Türkiye Türkiye Cumhuriyeti  (Turkish)
Flag
Anthem:  İstiklal Marşı "Independence March"[1]
Capital	Ankara 39°55′N 32°51′E / 39.917°N 32.850°E / 39.917; 32.850
Largest city	Istanbul 41°1′N 28°57′E / 41.017°N 28.950°E / 41.017; 28.950
Official languages	Turkish[2][3]
Spoken languages	Predominantly Turkish[4] List Kurdish Zaza Arabic Circassian Laz Greek Armenian Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Other languages
Ethnic groups (2016)[5]	70–75% Turkish 19% Kurdish 6–11% other minorities
Demonym(s)	Turkish Turk
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
• Vice President	Cevdet Yılmaz
• Assembly Speaker	Numan Kurtulmuş
• Chief Justice	Kadir Özkaya
Legislature	Grand National Assembly
Establishment
• Ottoman Empire	c. 1299
• War of Independence	19 May 1919
• Government of the Grand National Assembly	23 April 1920
• Sultanate abolished	1 November 1922
• Treaty of Lausanne	24 July 1923
• Republic declared	29 October 1923
• Current constitution	9 November 1982[6]
Area
• Total	783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi) (36th)
• Water (%)	2.03[7]
Population
• December 2024 estimate	85,664,944[8] (18th)
• Density	111.4[9]/km2 (288.5/sq mi) (83rd)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$3.457 trillion[10] (12th)
• Per capita	$40,283[10] (54th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$1.344 trillion[10] (17th)
• Per capita	$15,666[10] (64th)
Gini (2021)	44.4[11] medium
HDI (2022)	0.855[12] very high · 45th
Currency	Turkish lira (₺) (TRY)
Time zone	UTC+3 (TRT)
Calling code	+90
ISO 3166 code	TR
Internet TLD	.tr

Turkey,^[a] officially the Republic of Türkiye,^[b] is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. It shares borders with the Black Sea to the north; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq to the southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest. It also shares a maritime border with Cyprus to the south.

Turkey is a republic. There are 81 provinces in Turkey. The money of Turkey is called the Turkish Lira. The capital city is Ankara, a city in the central region, called Anatolia. The cultural and economic centre is in the European side of Istanbul. In the past Istanbul was called Constantinople. The republic was founded in 1923, after World War I and a war of independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı). Before that, Turkey was the core of the Ottoman Empire.

Many civilisations were in the area that is now Turkey, like the Hittites, the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire. Many important events in the history of Christianity happened in places that are now in Turkey. Because it lies in both Europe and Asia, some people see Turkey as the "door" between them. The vast majority of the Turkish population believes in the religion of Islam.

Modern Turkey's varied climate lets many kinds of food crops grow, and livestock and forestry are important industries. Turkey makes enough food to feed itself. Turkish manufactures include aeroplanes, electronics, cars, clothing and textiles for home and for other countries.

Turkey is a popular place for tourists to visit. It has hundreds of kilometres of beaches on its Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, and many important historical places.

1. ↑ "The Turkish Flag and The Turkish National Anthem (Independence March)". Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
2. ↑ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası" (in Turkish). Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020. 3. Madde: Devletin Bütünlüğü, Resmi Dili, Bayrağı, Milli Marşı ve Başkenti: Türkiye Devleti, ülkesi ve milletiyle bölünmez bir bütündür. Dili Türkçedir. Bayrağı, şekli kanununda belirtilen, beyaz ay yıldızlı al bayraktır. Milli marşı "İstiklal Marşı" dır. Başkenti Ankara'dır.
3. ↑ "Mevzuat: Anayasa" (in Turkish). Constitutional Court of Turkey. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
4. ↑
   • KONDA 2006, p. 19 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKONDA2006 (help)
   • Kornfilt 2018, p. 537 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKornfilt2018 (help)
5. ↑ "Turkey (Turkiye)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
6. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Constitution2019 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
7. ↑ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
8. ↑ "The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2024". www.tuik.gov.tr. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 February 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
9. ↑ "Table.3 – Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by province and sex and population density". www.tuik.gov.tr. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 February 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3} "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Türkiye)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
11. ↑ "Gini index (World Bank estimate) – Turkey". World Bank. 2019. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
12. ↑ "Human Development Index (HDI)". United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2024.