Help:IPA/Russian

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. In native words, /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʐ, ʂ, ts/ are always hard.[1]

See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

Consonants
Hard Soft
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
b ; апде́йт[2] boot , beautiful
d ; [2] do ; ; [2] media
[3] jug [3] начди́в; [2] jig
dz[3] [2] lads dzʲ[3] дзюдо́[1] lad's young
f ; ;[2] [4] fool ; ; [4] few
ɡ ;[5][6] [2] good ɡʲ argue
ɣ ; ;[5] Бог даст; дух бодр[2] loch (Scottish) but voiced ɣʲ двухдверный[2] Loch Ewe (Scottish) but voiced
j [je-]; [jɵ-]; [ju-]; [ja]; [7] yes
k ; ;[2] [4] scar ; секью́рити skew
l [8] pill ; failure
m moot ; mute
n noon ; ; [9] vinyard
p ; ;[2] [4] span ; ; [4] spew
r American atom ; American catty
s ; ;[2] [4] soup ; ; ; ;[2] [4] assume (RP)
ʂ ; ;[2] ;[4] [10] rush ɕː ; ; [2][11] wish sheep
t ; ;[2] [4] stand ; ; ; [4] stew (RP)
ts[3] ; cats tsʲ[3] Цю́рих[1] cat's young
[3] [4] chop [3] ; chip
v ; его́;[6] афга́н[2] voodoo ; view
x ; [5] loch (Scottish); ugh ; Хью́стон; [5] huge (for some dialects)
z ; [2] zoo ; резьба́; ; [2] presume (RP)
ʐ ; кешбэ́к[2] pleasure ʑː ;[12] вещдо́к[2] prestige genre
Stressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
a father (Australian English) æ ; [13] pat
ɛ ; met e ; [13] mace
ɨ ; ; с и́грами roses (for some dialects) i ; meet
o ; chore ɵ ; [13] foot
u cool ʉ ; [13] choose
Unstressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
ə ; ; ; [14] about ə ; ; [15] lasagna
ɐ ; ; ; [14] bud ɪ ; ; ; ; [16] bit
ɛ тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[17] met
ɨ ; ; ; ; к Ива́ну roses (for some dialects)
o ; поэте́сса[17] chore ɵ ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[13][18] foot
ʊ pull ʉ ; [13] youth
Suprasegmental
IPA Example Explanation
ˈ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
ː [ˈzːadʲɪ][2] consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant
  1. ^ a b c Even though /ts/ and its voicing [dz] are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h The affricates [ts], [tɕ], and [tʂ] (and their voiced counterparts [dz], [dʑ], and [dʐ]) are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s], [t͡ɕ], and [t͡ʂ] ([d͡z], [d͡ʑ], and [d͡ʐ]). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
  5. ^ a b c d г is usually pronounced [ɣ] or (word-finally) [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Госпо́дь [ɣɐsˈpotʲ] and [box], and in the interjections , , , , and also in [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce г as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and []) throughout.
  6. ^ a b Intervocalic г represents /v/ in certain words (, , итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
  7. ^ The soft vowel letters е, ё, ю, я represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ё, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter и produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
  8. ^ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
  9. ^ Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
  10. ^ Most speakers pronounce ч in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
  11. ^ щ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix с- and the root -чит-.
  12. ^ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
  13. ^ a b c d e f Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
  14. ^ a b Unstressed /a/ and /o/ regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced [ɐ] in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and [ə] in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to [ɐ] only immediately before the stress, being realized [ə] otherwise.
  15. ^ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
  16. ^ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ч and щ except when word-final.[citation needed]
  17. ^ a b In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
  18. ^ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in words of foreign origin.

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