Baal-zephon

Baʽal Zephon (Hebrew: בַּעַל צְפֹן‎ Baʿal Ṣəfōn; Akkadian: Bēl Ḫazi (^dIM ḪUR.SAG); Ugaritic: baʿlu ṣapāni; Hurrian: Tešub Ḫalbağe;^[1] Egyptian: bꜥr ḏꜣpwnꜣ^[2]), also transliterated as Baal-zephon, was an epithet of the Canaanite storm god Baʿal (lit. "Lord") in his role as lord of Mount Zaphon;^[1]^{[n 1]} he is identified in the Ugaritic texts as Hadad.^[7]^[8] Because of the mountain's importance and location, it came to metonymously signify "north" in Hebrew;^[9] the name is therefore sometimes given in translation as Lord of the North.^{[n 2]} He was equated with the Greek god Zeus in his epithet Zeus Kasios and later with the Roman Jupiter Casius.

Because Baʿal Zaphon was considered a protector of maritime trade, sanctuaries were constructed in his honor around the Mediterranean by his Canaanite and Phoenician devotees.^[1] "Baal-zephon" thereby also became a placename, most notably a location mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures' Book of Exodus as the location where the Israelites miraculously crossed the Red Sea during their exodus from Egypt.

^ ^a ^b ^c Niehr (1999), p. 152.
^ Cornelius, Izak (1994). The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Baʻal: Late Bronze and Iron Age I Periods (C 1500-1000 BCE). Orbis biblicus et orientalis. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 151–152. doi:10.5167/uzh-142977. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
^ Fox (2009), pp. 243–258.
^ Liverani (1998).
^ Albright (1943).
^ Vita (2005).
^ Spencer L. Allen (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 216. ISBN 9781614512363.
^ Chung, Youn Ho (2010). The Sin of the Calf: The Rise of the Bible's Negative Attitude Toward the Golden Calf. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 168. ISBN 9780567212313.
^ DDD, "Zaphon".
^ ISBE (1996), p. 381.

Cite error: There are <ref group=n> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=n}} template (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTENiehr1999152-1] Niehr (1999), p. 152.

[2] Cornelius, Izak (1994). The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Baʻal: Late Bronze and Iron Age I Periods (C 1500-1000 BCE). Orbis biblicus et orientalis. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 151–152. doi:10.5167/uzh-142977. Retrieved 2023-11-16.

[FOOTNOTEFox2009243–258-3] Fox (2009), pp. 243–258.

[FOOTNOTELiverani1998-4] Liverani (1998).

[FOOTNOTEAlbright1943-5] Albright (1943).

[FOOTNOTEVita2005-6] Vita (2005).

[blok-8] Spencer L. Allen (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 216. ISBN 9781614512363.

[9] Chung, Youn Ho (2010). The Sin of the Calf: The Rise of the Bible's Negative Attitude Toward the Golden Calf. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 168. ISBN 9780567212313.

[FOOTNOTE''DDD'',_"Zaphon"-10] DDD, "Zaphon".

[FOOTNOTE''ISBE''1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBW_1mt4oebQCpgPA381_381]-11] ISBE (1996), p. 381.

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Baal-zephon

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