Back الطريق البورمي إلى الاشتراكية Arabic Vía birmana al socialismo Spanish Voie birmane vers le socialisme French Jalan Burma Menuju Sosialisme ID ビルマ式社会主義 Japanese 버마식 사회주의 Korean မြန်မာ့ဆိုရှယ်လစ်လမ်းစဉ် Burmese Via birmanesa para o socialismo Portuguese Бирманский путь к социализму Russian සමාජවාදය කරා යෑමේ බුරුම ක්රමය Singhalese
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The Burmese Way to Socialism (Burmese: မြန်မာ့နည်းမြန်မာ့ဟန် ဆိုရှယ်လစ်စနစ်), also known as the Burmese Road to Socialism, was the state ideology of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, the socialist state governed by the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) from 1962 to 1988.
The Burmese Way to Socialism was introduced by the Union Revolutionary Council (URC), the military junta established by Ne Win and his allies in the Tatmadaw (Burmese military) after they overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister U Nu in a coup d'état on 2 March 1962. It ceased to be Burma's state ideology in 1988, when the pro-democracy 8888 Uprising pressured BSPP officials to resign and adopt a multi-party system. However, the Tatmadaw instigated a coup d'état shortly afterwards and established a new military junta, the State Law and Order Restoration Council.[1]
The Burmese Way to Socialism led Burma to international isolation,[2] and has been described as "disastrous".[3] For example, the black market and income disparity became major issues.[4] Burma's real per capita GDP (constant 2000 US$) increased from $159.18 in 1962 to $219.20 in 1987, or about 1.3% per year – one of the weakest growth rates in East Asia over this period.[5] Despite this, significant gains were made in healthcare and education.[6] The program also may have served to increase domestic stability and keep Burma from being as entangled in the Cold War struggles that affected other Southeast Asian nations.[7]
- ^ "Obituary: Ne Win". BBC. 5 December 2002. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ Collignon, Stefan (13 August 2011). "THE BURMESE ECONOMY AND THE WITHDRAWAL OF EUROPEAN TRADE PREFERENCES" (PDF). Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ (U.), Khan Mon Krann (16 January 2018). Economic Development of Burma: A Vision and a Strategy. NUS Press. ISBN 9789188836168. Retrieved 16 January 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
aungthwinwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "World Development Indicators, GDP per capita (constant 2000 US$) for Myanmar, East Asia & Pacific region". World Bank. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019 – via Google.
- ^ Thein, Myat (16 January 2018). Economic Development of Myanmar. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 86. ISBN 9789812302113. Retrieved 16 January 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ Holmes, Robert A. (1967). "Burmese Domestic Policy: The Politics of Burmanization". Asian Survey. 7 (3). University of California Press: 188–197. doi:10.2307/2642237. JSTOR 2642237.