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Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, computer scientist and cryptographer known as the "father of information theory". Shannon was the first to describe the Boolean gates (electronic circuits) that are essential to all digital electronic circuits, and also created the first machine learning device.[1][2][3][4] He is credited alongside George Boole for laying the foundations of the Information Age.[5][6][7][4]
At the University of Michigan, Shannon dual degreed, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in both electrical engineering and mathematics in 1936. As a 21-year-old master's degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in electrical engineering, Shannon wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship,[8] thereby establishing the theory behind digital computing and digital circuits.[9] The thesis has been claimed to be the most important master's thesis of all time,[8] as in 1985, Howard Gardner described it as "possibly the most important, and also the most famous, master's thesis of the century",[10] while Herman Goldstine described it as "surely ... one of the most important master's theses ever written ... It helped to change digital circuit design from an art to a science."[11] Shannon then graduated with a PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940.[12]
Shannon also contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for national defense of the United States during World War II, including his fundamental work on codebreaking and secure telecommunications, writing a paper which is considered one of the foundational pieces of modern cryptography,[13] and whose work "was a turning point, and marked the closure of classical cryptography and the beginning of modern cryptography."[14]
His mathematical theory of communication laid the foundations for the field of information theory,[15][12] with his famous paper being called the "Magna Carta of the Information Age" by Scientific American,[7][16] along with his work being described as being at "the heart of today's digital information technology".[17]
His Theseus machine was the first electrical device to learn by trial and error. It is thus the first example of artificial intelligence.[18][19]
Rodney Brooks declared that Shannon was the 20th century engineer who contributed the most to 21st century technologies.[18] Shannon's achievements are considered to be on par with those of Albert Einstein and Sir Isaac Newton in their fields.[5][15][2][20][21]
- ^ James, Ioan (2009). "Claude Elwood Shannon 30 April 1916 – 24 February 2001". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 55: 257–265. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2009.0015.
- ^ a b Horgan, John (April 27, 2016). "Claude Shannon: Tinkerer, Prankster, and Father of Information Theory". spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
- ^ Roberts, Siobhan (April 30, 2016). "The Forgotten Father of the Information Age". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
- ^ a b Tse, David (December 22, 2020). "How Claude Shannon Invented the Future". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
- ^ a b Atmar, Wirt (2001). "A Profoundly Repeated Pattern". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 82 (3): 208–211. ISSN 0012-9623. JSTOR 20168572.
- ^ Nahin, Paul J. (2012). The Logician and the Engineer: How George Boole and Claude Shannon Created the Information Age. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691176000. JSTOR j.cttq957s.
- ^ a b Goodman, Jimmy Soni and Rob (July 30, 2017). "Claude Shannon: The Juggling Poet Who Gave Us the Information Age". The Daily Beast. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ^ a b Poundstone, William (2005). Fortune's Formula : The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street. Hill & Wang. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8090-4599-0.
- ^ Chow, Rony (June 5, 2021). "Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory". History of Data Science. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
- ^ Gardner, Howard (1985). The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution. Basic Books. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-465-04635-5.
- ^ Goldstine, Herman A. (1972). The Computer: From Pascal to von Neumann. p. 119-20.
- ^ a b "Claude E. Shannon | IEEE Information Theory Society". www.itsoc.org. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ^ Shimeall, Timothy J.; Spring, Jonathan M. (2013). Introduction to Information Security: A Strategic-Based Approach. Syngress. p. 167. ISBN 978-1597499699.
- ^ Koç, Çetin Kaya; Özdemir, Funda (2023). "Development of Cryptography since Shannon". Handbook of Formal Analysis and Verification in Cryptography: 1–56. doi:10.1201/9781003090052-1. ISBN 978-1-003-09005-2.
- ^ a b Poundstone, William (2005). Fortune's Formula : The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street. Hill & Wang. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-0-8090-4599-0.
- ^ Goodman, Rob; Soni, Jimmy (2018). "Genius in Training". Alumni Association of the University of Michigan. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ^ Guizzo, Erico Marui (2003). The Essential Message: Claude Shannon and the Making of Information Theory (Master's thesis). University of Sao Paulo. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
- ^ a b Brooks, Rodney (January 25, 2022). "How Claude Shannon Helped Kick-start Machine Learning". ieeespectrum. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
MITwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Goodman, Rob (July 20, 2017). "Claude Shannon Was A Genius On Par With Einstein And Turing. Why Isn't He As Famous?". Forbes. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- ^ Rutledge, Tom (August 16, 2017). "The Man Who Invented Information Theory". Boston Review. Retrieved October 31, 2023.