Hannibal's crossing of the Alps

Hannibal's crossing of the Alps
	Part of the Second Punic War
	; Hannibal's route to Italy
Date	May/July – late September 218 BC
Location	Italia, Hispania, Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine Gaul
Result	Hannibal arrives in Italy and establishes a base of operations
Belligerents
Carthage	Roman Republic
Commanders and leaders
Hannibal; Hasdrubal; Mago; Hasdrubal Gisco; Syphax; Hanno; Hasdrubal the Bald; Hampsicora; Maharbal	Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius S. Longus
Strength
94,000+ (Polybius); 36,000 (Delbrück)	Unknown
Casualties and losses
68,000+ (Polybius); 2,000 (Delbrück)	Unknown

Hannibal's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC was one of the major events of the Second Punic War, and one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare.^[2]

Hannibal led his Carthaginian army over the Alps and into Italy to take the war directly to the Roman Republic, bypassing Roman and allied land garrisons, and Roman naval dominance.

The two primary sources for the event are Polybius and Livy, who were born c.20 years and c.160 years after the event, respectively.^[3] The Alps were not well-documented at the time, and no archaeological evidence is available, so all modern theories depend on interpreting the three place names used by Polybius (Island, Skaras, and Allobroges) and Livy's wider range of tribe and place names, and comparing them with modern geographical knowledge.^[3]

^ Delbrück, p. 362
^ Lancel, Serge, Hannibal, p. 71
^ ^a ^b Yardley, J.C.; Hoyos, D. (2009). Hannibal's War: Books 21-30. Hannibal's War. OUP Oxford. pp. 620, 629. ISBN 978-0-19-955597-0. Hannibal crossed the Alps by one of the western passes, arriving in the territory of the Insubres according to Polybius (3.56), but the Taurini according to both Livy (21.38) and, it seems, Polybius himself later on (see below). Polybius does not identify the pass; Livy (ibid.) discusses the question briefly but only to dismiss the Poenine pass, or Great St Bernard, and the Cremo, or Little St Bernard. His arguments are sensible, but he does not then say which pass, if any, he himself thinks was the right one. The Alps had not been mapped or even extensively visited by Greeks and Romans before 218. So we cannot say how precise were the accounts of the primary sources (on whom see Introduction). Our main authorities are Polybius and Livy. Polybius reports that he himself visited the area and questioned eyewitnesses (3.48); but such persons must have been very old by then, and relying chiefly or wholly on their memories. He must also be using some or all of the primary sources. Livy evidently combines Polybius' account with at least one other; or, less likely, reproduces a predecessor who did the combining. Both mention relatively few place names after Hannibal's crossing of the Rhône, and not all are readily identifiable. With no archaeological evidence available, every theory thus depends on interpreting these accounts and comparing them with existing topography. Unsurprisingly, theories abound (see Further Reading below) and none has won universal acceptance…. Polybius' distance-reckonings look like broad estimates, when not guesstimates... We may note how important Livy's non-Polybian contribution is. From the Rhône-crossing to the descent into Italy, Polybius supplies three names: Island, Skaras, and Allobroges. It is Livy's range of tribe- and place names, despite the faults, that makes practicable any attempt to reconstruct Hannibal's route over the Alps.

[Del-1] Delbrück, p. 362

[Lancel-2] Lancel, Serge, Hannibal, p. 71

[Yardley_Hoyos_2009-3] Yardley, J.C.; Hoyos, D. (2009). Hannibal's War: Books 21-30. Hannibal's War. OUP Oxford. pp. 620, 629. ISBN 978-0-19-955597-0. Hannibal crossed the Alps by one of the western passes, arriving in the territory of the Insubres according to Polybius (3.56), but the Taurini according to both Livy (21.38) and, it seems, Polybius himself later on (see below). Polybius does not identify the pass; Livy (ibid.) discusses the question briefly but only to dismiss the Poenine pass, or Great St Bernard, and the Cremo, or Little St Bernard. His arguments are sensible, but he does not then say which pass, if any, he himself thinks was the right one. The Alps had not been mapped or even extensively visited by Greeks and Romans before 218. So we cannot say how precise were the accounts of the primary sources (on whom see Introduction). Our main authorities are Polybius and Livy. Polybius reports that he himself visited the area and questioned eyewitnesses (3.48); but such persons must have been very old by then, and relying chiefly or wholly on their memories. He must also be using some or all of the primary sources. Livy evidently combines Polybius' account with at least one other; or, less likely, reproduces a predecessor who did the combining. Both mention relatively few place names after Hannibal's crossing of the Rhône, and not all are readily identifiable. With no archaeological evidence available, every theory thus depends on interpreting these accounts and comparing them with existing topography. Unsurprisingly, theories abound (see Further Reading below) and none has won universal acceptance…. Polybius' distance-reckonings look like broad estimates, when not guesstimates... We may note how important Livy's non-Polybian contribution is. From the Rhône-crossing to the descent into Italy, Polybius supplies three names: Island, Skaras, and Allobroges. It is Livy's range of tribe- and place names, despite the faults, that makes practicable any attempt to reconstruct Hannibal's route over the Alps.

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Hannibal's crossing of the Alps

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