Juliett-class submarine

K-77, a Juliett-class submarine
Class overview
Operators	Soviet Navy
Preceded by	Echo I class
Succeeded by	Charlie class
Subclasses	1960–1968
In commission	1963–1994
Planned	35
Completed	16
Cancelled	19
Retired	16
Preserved	1
General characteristics
Type	Submarine
Displacement	3,174 t (3,124 long tons) (surfaced) 3,750 t (3,690 long tons) (submerged)
Length	85.9 m (281 ft 10 in)
Beam	9.7 m (31 ft 10 in)
Draft	3.29 m (10 ft 10 in)
Propulsion	2 × propeller shafts 2 × diesel engines (4,000 PS (2,900 kW)) 2 × electric motors (3,000 PS (2,200 kW)) 2 × electric motors (200 PS (150 kW))
Speed	16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) (surfaced) 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) (submerged)
Range	18,000 nmi (33,000 km; 21,000 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph) (snorkeling) 27.8 nmi (51.5 km; 32.0 mi) at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) (submerged)
Test depth	240 m (790 ft)
Complement	78
Sensors and processing systems	Artika-M (MG-200) and Herkules (MG-15) sonars Feniks-M (MG-10) and MG-13 hydrophones Albatros (RLK-50) search radar Argument missile guidance radar
Electronic warfare & decoys	Nakat-M ESM
Armament	2 × twin SS-N-3 Shaddock (P-5 or P-6) cruise missiles 6 × 533 mm (21 in) bow torpedo tubes 4 × 406 mm (16 in) stern torpedo tubes

Project 651, known in the West by its NATO reporting name Juliett class, was a class of Soviet diesel-electric submarines armed with cruise missiles. They were designed in the late 1950s to provide the Soviet Navy with a nuclear strike capability against targets along the east coast of the United States and enemy combatants (aircraft carriers). The head of the design team was Abram Samuilovich Kassatsier. They carried four nuclear-capable cruise missiles with a range of approximately 300 nautical miles (560 km), which could be launched while the submarine was surfaced and moving less than four knots (7.4 km/h). Once surfaced, the first missile could be launched in about five minutes; subsequent missiles would follow within about ten seconds each. Initially, the missiles were the inertially-guided P-5 (NATO reporting name SS-N-3c Shaddock). When submarine-launched ballistic missiles rendered the P-5s obsolescent, they were replaced with the P-6 (also NATO reporting name SS-N-3a Shaddock, though a very different missile) designed to attack aircraft carriers. A special 10 m² target guidance radar was built into the forward edge of the sail structure, which opened by rotating. One boat was eventually fitted with the Kasatka satellite downlink for targeting information to support P-500 4K-80 "Bazalt" (SS-N-12 Sandbox) anti-ship cruise missiles. The Juliett class had a low magnetic signature austenitic steel double hull, covered by two inches (51 mm) thick black tiles made of sound-absorbing hard rubber.