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Kapuas River

This article is about the river in western Borneo. For the river in southern Borneo, see Kapuas River (Barito River).

Kapuas
Aerial view of Kapuas river
Map
Location
CountryIndonesia
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationMount Raya at Müller Mountain Range
 • elevation2,278 m (7,474 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
South China Sea
 • coordinates
0°4′0″S 109°10′59″E / 0.06667°S 109.18306°E / -0.06667; 109.18306
 • elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Length1,143 km (710 mi)[1]
Basin size98,749 km2 (38,127 sq mi)[2]
Depth 
 • maximum40 m (130 ft)[1] to 50 m (160 ft)[2]
Discharge 
 • locationKapuas Delta, South China Sea, Indonesia, Borneo (Kalimantan)
 • average(Period: 2016–2020)7,803 m3/s (275,600 cu ft/s)[3]

(Period: 2003–2016)6,012 m3/s (212,300 cu ft/s)[4] (Period: 1971–2000)6,260.1 m3/s (221,070 cu ft/s)[5]

(5,500 m3/s (190,000 cu ft/s) to 6,500 m3/s (230,000 cu ft/s)[2][6][7]
 • minimum2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s)–3,000 m3/s (110,000 cu ft/s)[2][1]
 • maximum8,900 m3/s (310,000 cu ft/s)–9,000 m3/s (320,000 cu ft/s)[2][1] 22,000 m3/s (780,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationSanggau (285 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 77,000 km2 (30,000 sq mi)
 • average(Period: 2000–2015)5,900 m3/s (210,000 cu ft/s)[2]

(Period: 2013–2015)5,220 m3/s (184,000 cu ft/s)[1]

(Period: 1971–2000)5,069.3 m3/s (179,020 cu ft/s)[5]
 • minimum1,117 m3/s (39,400 cu ft/s)[1]
 • maximum9,394 m3/s (331,700 cu ft/s)[1]
Discharge 
 • locationPutussibau (902 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 9,800 km2 (3,800 sq mi)
 • average(Period: 1971–2000)886.3 m3/s (31,300 cu ft/s)[5] 674 m3/s (23,800 cu ft/s)
Basin features
River systemKapuas basin (DAS320470)[8]
Tributaries 
 • leftBungan, Keriau, Manday, Bunut, Embau, Silat, Melawi, Tempunak, Sepauk, Sekadau
 • rightMandalam, Sibau, Awin, Palin, Embaloh, Tawang, Ketungau, Belitang, Sekayam, Tayan, Landak
Kalimantan is located in Kalimantan
Kapuas
Kapuas
main mouth
main mouth
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Kapuas River in Kalimantan
A 1945 map showing the two Kapuas rivers of Borneo (Kapueas on the map)

The Kapuas River (or Kapoeas River) is a river in the Indonesian part of Borneo island, at the geographic center of Maritime Southeast Asia. At 1,143 kilometers (710 mi) in length, it is the longest river in the island of Borneo and the longest river in Indonesia[9][10] and one of the world's longest island rivers.[11] It originates in the Müller mountain range at the center of the island and flows west into the South China Sea creating an extended marshy delta. The delta is located west-southwest of Pontianak, the capital of the West Kalimantan province.[12] This Kapuas River should be distinguished from another Kapuas River, which starts on the other side of the same mountain range in central Borneo but flows to the south, merging with the Barito River and discharging into the Java Sea.

  1. ^ a b c d e f g David Fernando, Munõz Pauta (2017). Tidal influence on the discharge distribution at two junctions of the Kapuas River (West Kalimantan, Indonesia).
  2. ^ a b c d e f Karl, Kästner (2019). Multi-Scale Monitoring and Modelling of the Kapuas River Delta. doi:10.18174/468716. ISBN 978-94-6343-411-9.
  3. ^ Delphine, Dobler; Elodie, Martinez; Rinny, Rahmania; Budhi Gunadharma, Gautama; A. Riza, Farhan (2021). "Floating marine debris along Indonesian coasts – An atlas of strandings based on Lagrangian modelling" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  4. ^ Ting-Hsuan, Huang; Chen-Tung, Arthur Chen; Hsiao-Chun, Tseng; Jiann-Yuh, Lou; Shu Lun, Wang; Liyang, Yang; Selvaraj, Kandasamy; Xuelu, Gao; Jough-Tai, Wang; Edvin, Aldrian; G.S., Jacinto; Gusti Z., Anshari; Penjai, Sompongchaiyakul; B.J., Wang (May 2017). "Riverine carbon fluxes to the South China Sea: Riverine carbon fluxes to the SCS". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 122 (5): 1239–1259. doi:10.1002/2016JG003701. S2CID 135024272.
  5. ^ a b c "Kalimantan-Borneo".
  6. ^ "Indonesia-Integrated Swamps Development Project" (PDF). November 1992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  7. ^ Radhika, Radhika; Firmansyah, Rendy; Hatmoko, Waluyo (November 2017). "Computation of surface water availability in Indonesia based on satellite data". Jurnal Sumber Daya Air. 13 (2): 115–130. doi:10.32679/jsda.v13i2.206. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  8. ^ Hukum Online. "Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan No. SK.511/MENHUT-V/2011" (in Indonesian).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference b1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ MacKinnon, p. 133
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference SM was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Kapuas River Archived 26 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
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