Back خشب البرازيل Arabic خشب البرازيل ARZ Caesalpinia echinata AST Paubrasilia echinata Azerbaijani Бразилско дърво Bulgarian Caesalpinia echinata Breton Paubrasilia echinata Catalan Caesalpinia echinata CEB Brasiltræ Danish Paubrasilia echinata German

Paubrasilia

This article is about the brazilwood tree. For the unrelated tree that yields Brazil nuts, see Brazil nut.

Paubrasilia echinata
An adult specimen in a park in Florianópolis, Brazil.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Paubrasilia
(Gagnon, H.C.Lima & G.P.Lewis 2016)
Species:
P. echinata
Binomial name
Paubrasilia echinata
((Lam.) Gagnon, H.C.Lima & G.P.Lewis 2016) [2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Caesalpinia echinata Lam. 1785
  • Guilandina echinata Spreng. 1825

Paubrasilia echinata is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.[4][5] It is a Brazilian timber tree commonly known as Pernambuco wood or brazilwood[6] (Portuguese: pau-de-pernambuco, pau-brasil;[6] Tupi: ybyrapytanga[7]) and is the national tree of Brazil.[5] This plant has a dense, orange-red heartwood that takes a high shine, and it is the premier wood used for making bows for stringed instruments.[5][8] The wood also yields a historically important red dye called brazilin, which oxidizes to brazilein.[9]

The name pau-brasil was applied to certain species of the genus Caesalpinia in the medieval period, and was given its original scientific name Caesalpinia echinata in 1785 by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.[3] More recent taxonomic studies have suggested that it merits recognition as a separate genus, and it was thus renamed Paubrasilia echinata in 2016.[3] The Latin specific epithet of echinata refers to hedgehog, from echinus, and describes the thorns which cover all parts of the tree (including the fruits).[10]

The name of Brazil is a shortened form of Terra do Brasil, 'land of brazilwood'.[11]

  1. ^ Varty, N. (1998). "Paubrasilia echinata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T33974A9818224. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33974A9818224.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Paubrasilia echinata". Flora do Brasil 2020 - Algae, Fungi and Plants. Institute of Research Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Gagnon, Edeline; Bruneau, Anne; Hughes, Colin E.; Paganucci de Queiroz, Luciano; Lewis, Gwilym P. (2016-10-12). "A new generic system for the pantropical Caesalpinia group (Leguminosae)". PhytoKeys (71): 1–160. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.71.9203. ISSN 1314-2003. PMC 5558824. PMID 28814915.
  4. ^ The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (2017). "A new subfamily classification of the Leguminosae based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny". Taxon. 66 (1): 44–77. doi:10.12705/661.3. hdl:10568/90658.
  5. ^ a b c Lichtenberg, Silke; Huber-Sannwald, Elisabeth; Nehren, Udo; Reyes-Agüero, Juan Antonio (2019). "Use and Conservation of the Threatened Brazilian National Tree Paubrasilia echinata Lam.: A Potential for Rio de Janeiro State?". Strategies and Tools for a Sustainable Rural Rio de Janeiro. Springer Series on Environmental Management. pp. 205–219. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89644-1_14. ISBN 978-3-319-89643-4. ISSN 0172-6161. S2CID 134437366.
  6. ^ a b "Paubrasilia echinata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  7. ^ Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (2013). Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil (in Portuguese) (1 ed.). São Paulo: Global. p. 522. ISBN 9788526019331.
  8. ^ Alves, Edenise Segala; Longui, Eduardo Luiz; Amano, Erika (2008). "Pernambuco Wood (Caesalpinia Echinata) used in the Manufacture of Bows for String Instruments". IAWA Journal. 29 (3): 323–335. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000190. ISSN 0928-1541.
  9. ^ Dapson, RW; Bain, CL (2015). "Brazilwood, sappanwood, brazilin and the red dye brazilein: from textile dyeing and folk medicine to biological staining and musical instruments". Biotech Histochem. 90 (6): 401–23. doi:10.3109/10520295.2015.1021381. PMID 25893688.
  10. ^ Stearn, William (2004). Botanical Latin. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 9780881926279.
  11. ^ "Brazilwood: A Brief History". University of Minnesota Libraries. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
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