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CRISPR

Diagram of a CRISPR locus. There are three main parts.
1. cas genes,
2. a leader sequence, and
3. A repeat-spacer array.
The arrangement of the three components is not always as shown
CRISPR Cascade protein (cyan) bound to CRISPR RNA (green) and phage DNA (red)
CRISPR/Cas9

CRISPR is a term in DNA research. It stands for clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats. These are part of the genetic code in prokaryotes: most bacteria and archaea have it. It is their defence against attack by viruses.[1] Its structure and function was discovered in the 21st century.[2][3][4]

CRISPR has a lot of short repeated sequences. These sequences are part of an adaptive immune system for prokaryotes. It allows them to remember and counter the bacteriophages which prey on them. They work as a kind of acquired immunity for bacteria.[5][6]

They can modify the genes of almost any organism. They are used by researchers as a tool to cut and insert genes in genetic modification (GM).[7] Work is under way to find how they can be used to attack virus diseases in humans (gene therapy).[8][9]

  1. ↑ Grissa I; Vergnaud G. & Pourcel C. 2007. The CRISPRdb database and tools to display CRISPRs and to generate dictionaries of spacers and repeats. BMC Bioinformatics 8: 172. [1]
  2. ↑ Gesner E.M; Schellenberg M.J; Garside E.L; George M.M. & Macmillan A.M. 2011. Recognition and maturation of effector RNAs in a CRISPR interference pathway. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 18 (6): 688–692.
  3. ↑ See Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, 2020.
  4. ↑ Wiedenheft B; Sternberg S.H; Doudna J.A. 2012. RNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea. Nature. 482 (7385): 331–338.[2]
  5. ↑ Lecture by Jennifer Doudna [3]
  6. ↑ Mojica F.J.M. et al 2000. Biological significance of regularly spaced repeats in the genomes of Archaea, Bacteria and mitochondria. Molecular Microbiology 36: 244–246.
  7. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Nessa was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  8. ↑ Marraffini L.A. & Sontheimer E.J. 2010. CRISPR interference: RNA-directed adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea. Nature Reviews Genetics 11 (3): 181–190. [4]
  9. ↑ Hille F. & Charpentier E. 2016. CRISPR-Cas: biology, mechanisms and relevance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 371 (1707): 20150496. [5]
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