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Qutb Shahi dynasty

Qtub Shahi Dynasty of Golconda
1518–1687
Flag of Qutb Shahi dynasty
Flag of the Qutb Shahis
Golconda map published in 1733 Germany[1]
Golconda map published in 1733 Germany[1]
CapitalGolconda (1519–1591)
Hyderabad (1591–1687)
Common languagesPersian (official)[2]
Telugu (official after 1600)[3]
Deccani Urdu
Religion
Shia Islam
GovernmentMonarchy
Qutb Shah 
• 1512–1543
Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk
• 1543–1550
Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah
• 1550–1550
Subhan Quli Qutb Shah
• 1550–1580
Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah
• 1580-1612
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
• 1612-1626
Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah
• 1626–1672
Abdullah Qutb Shah
• 1672-1686
Abul Hasan Qutb Shah
History 
• Established
1518
• Disestablished
1687
CurrencyMohur
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Bahmani Sultanate
Gajapati Empire
Vijaynagar Empire
Hyderabad Subah
Today part ofIndia

The Qutb Shahi dynasty (Persian: Qotb-Šâhiyân; Urdu: Qutb Shāhī Khāndān) was a Persianate[4] Shia Islamic dynasty of Turkoman origin[5][6] that ruled the Sultanate of Golkonda (Persian: Saltanat-e Golkonde; Urdu: Saltanat-e Golkunḍa) in southern India.[7][8][9][10] After the collapse of the Bahmani Sultanate, the Qutb Shahi dynasty was established in 1512 AD by Sultan-Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, better known though less correctly referred to in English as "Quli Qutb Shah".

In 1636, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan forced the Qutb Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty and pay periodic tributes. The dynasty came to an end in 1687 during the reign of its seventh sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, when the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb arrested and jailed Abul Hasan for the rest of his life in Daulatabad, incorporating Golconda into the Mughal empire.[11][12][13] The kingdom extended from the parts of modern-day states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana.[14] The Golconda sultanate was constantly in conflict with the Adil Shahis and Nizam Shahis.[13]

The Qutb Shahis were patrons of Persianate Shia culture.[12][8] The official and court language of the Golconda sultanate during the first 90 years of its existence (c. 1512 – 1600) was also Persian. In the early 17th century, however, the Telugu language was elevated to the status of the Persian language, while towards the end of the Qut Shahis' rule, it was the primary court language with Persian used occasionally in official documents. According to Indologist Richard Eaton, as Qutb Shahis adopted Telugu, they started seeing their polity as the Telugu-speaking state, with the elites of the sultanate viewing their rulers as "Telugu Sultans".[15]

  1. ^ For a map of their territory see: Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (l). ISBN 0226742210.
  2. ^ Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway, Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 317.
  3. ^ Alam, Muzaffar (1998). "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics". Modern Asian Studies. 32 (2): 317–349. doi:10.1017/s0026749x98002947. S2CID 146630389. Ibrahim Qutb Shah encouraged the growth of Telugu and his successor Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah patronized and himself wrote poetry in Telugu and Dakhni. Abdullah Qutb Shah instituted a special office to prepare the royal edicts in Telugu (dabiri-ye foramina-i Hindavi). While administrative and revenue papers at local levels in the Qutb Shahi Sultanate were prepared largely in Telugu, the royal edicts were often bilingual. '06 The last Qutb Shahi Sultan, Abul Hasan Tana Shah, sometimes issued his orders only in Telugu, with a Persian summary given on the back of the farmans.
  4. ^ Christoph Marcinkowski, Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts, 169-170; "The Qutb-Shahi kingdom could be considered 'highly Persianate' with a large number of Persian-speaking merchants, scholars, and artisans present at the royal capital."
  5. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain (2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Private Limited. p. 258. ISBN 978-9-382-57347-0. The Qutb Shahi dynasty was the ruling family of the sultanate of Golkonda in southern India. They were Shia Muslims and belonged to a Turkmen tribe.
  6. ^ Siddiq, Mohd Suleman. "The Da’irat-ul-Ma’arif: A Unique Language Institute of Hyderabad." In Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad, pp. 203-216. Routledge, 2017.
  7. ^ Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A comprehensive history of medieval India : twelfth to the mid-eighteenth century. India. pp. 177–179. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1. OCLC 991819668.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Chandra was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Schimmel, Annemarie; Attwood, Corinne; Waghmar, Burzine K.; Robinson, Francis (2004). The empire of the great Mughals : history, art and culture. London. ISBN 1-86189-185-7. OCLC 61751123.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
  10. ^ Peacock, Andrew CS, and Richard Piran McClary. Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections. Brill, 2020.
  11. ^ Keelan Overton (2020). Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700. Indiana University Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780253048943. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  12. ^ a b Farooqui Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. pp. 177–179. ISBN 9788131732021.
  13. ^ a b C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 328.
  14. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Eaton was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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