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Intellectual disability

Intellectual disability
Other namesIntellectual developmental disability (IDD), general learning disability[1]
A child runs through the finishing line
Children with intellectual disabilities and other developmental conditions competing in the Special Olympics World Games
SpecialtyPsychiatry, pediatrics
Differential diagnosisDown syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Frequency153 million globally (2015)[2]

Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom),[3] and formerly mental retardation (in the United States),[4][5][6] is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning that is first apparent during childhood. Children with intellectual disabilities typically have an intelligence quotient (IQ) below 70 and deficits in at least two adaptive behaviors that affect everyday living. According to the DSM-5, intellectual functions include reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience.[7] Deficits in these functions must be confirmed by clinical evaluation and individualized standard IQ testing. On the other hand, adaptive behaviors include the social, developmental, and practical skills people learn to perform tasks in their everyday lives.[8] Deficits in adaptive functioning often compromise an individual's independence and ability to meet their social responsibility.[9]

Intellectual disability is subdivided into syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral signs and symptoms are present, and non-syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities.[10] Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome are examples of syndromic intellectual disabilities.

Intellectual disability affects about 2–3% of the general population.[11] Seventy-five to ninety percent of the affected people have mild intellectual disability.[11] Non-syndromic, or idiopathic cases account for 30–50% of these cases.[11] About a quarter of cases are caused by a genetic disorder,[11] and about 5% of cases are inherited.[12] Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people as of 2013.[13]

  1. ^ Wilmshurst, Linda (2012). Clinical and Educational Child Psychology an Ecological-Transactional Approach to Understanding Child Problems and Interventions. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-118-43998-2.
  2. ^ Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  3. ^ Tidy, Colin (25 January 2013). "General Learning Disability". Patient.info. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. The term general learning disability is now used in the UK instead of terms such as mental handicap or mental retardation. The degree of disability can vary significantly, being classified as mild, moderate, severe or profound.
  4. ^ "Mental retardation (term that has been replaced by intellectual developmental disorder) – GPnotebook". gpnotebook.com. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  5. ^ Rosa's Law, Pub. L. 111-256, 124 Stat. 2643 (2010). (Archive)
  6. ^ Ansberry, Clare (20 November 2010). "Erasing a Hurtful Label From the Books". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2010. Decades-long quest by disabilities advocates finally persuades state, federal governments to end official use of 'retarded'.
  7. ^ American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. Retrieved 2024-04-13. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Boat, TF; Wu, JT, eds. (2015). "Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities". Mental disorders and disabilities among low-income children. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-37685-3.
  9. ^ Boat, Thomas F.; Wu, Joel T.; Disorders, Committee to Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental; Populations, Board on the Health of Select; Board on Children, Youth; Medicine, Institute of; Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and; The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (2015-10-28), "Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities", Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children, National Academies Press (US), retrieved 2024-04-13
  10. ^ Barros, Isabela; Leão, Vito; Santis, Jessica O.; Rosa, Reginaldo; Brotto, Danielle B.; Storti, Camila; Siena, Ádamo; Molfetta, Greice; Silva Jr, Wilson A. (2021). "Non-Syndromic Intellectual Disability and Its Pathways: A Long Noncoding RNA Perspective". Non-Coding RNA. 7 (1): 22. doi:10.3390/ncrna7010022. PMC 8005948. PMID 33799572.
  11. ^ a b c d Daily DK, Ardinger HH, Holmes GE (February 2000). "Identification and evaluation of mental retardation". American Family Physician. 61 (4): 1059–67, 1070. PMID 10706158. Archived from the original on 2010-12-04.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference gale was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.
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