Maria I of Portugal

Maria I
Portrait attributed to Giuseppe Troni, 1783
Queen of Portugal
Reign	24 February 1777 – 20 March 1816
Acclamation	13 May 1777
Predecessor	Joseph I
Successor	John VI
Co-monarch	Peter III (1777–1786)
Prince regent	John, Prince of Brazil (1792–1816)
Queen of Brazil
Reign	16 December 1815 – 20 March 1816
Successor	John VI
Prince regent	John, Prince of Brazil
Born	(1734-12-17)17 December 1734 Ribeira Palace, Lisbon, Portugal
Died	20 March 1816(1816-03-20) (aged 81) Convent of Carmo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Burial	23 March 1816 Convent of Our Lady of Ajuda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 18 March 1822 Estrela Basilica, Lisbon, Portugal
Spouse	Peter III of Portugal ​ ​ (m. 1760; died 1786)​
Issue Detail	Joseph, Prince of Brazil John VI, King of Portugal Mariana Victoria, Infanta Gabriel of Spain
Names Portuguese: Maria Francisca Isabel Josefa Antónia Gertrudes Rita Joana
House	Braganza
Father	Joseph I of Portugal
Mother	Mariana Victoria of Spain
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Dona Maria I (17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816) was Queen of Portugal from 24 February 1777 until her death in 1816. Known as Maria the Pious in Portugal and Maria the Mad in Brazil, she was the first undisputed queen regnant of Portugal^[a] and the first monarch of Brazil.

Maria was the eldest daughter of King Dom José I (Joseph I) of Portugal and Queen Mariana Victoria. As the heir to the throne, she held the titles of Princess of Brazil and Duchess of Braganza. She married her uncle Infante Pedro (Peter) in 1760. They had six children, of whom three survived infancy: José, João (John), and Mariana Vitória. The death of King José in 1777 placed Maria, then 42 years old, on the throne. Her husband Pedro was nominally king alongside her as Dom Pedro III.

Upon ascending the throne, Maria dismissed her father's powerful chief minister, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal. The early part of Maria's reign witnessed growth in Portugal's economy. Maria had a number of national buildings constructed and renovated, leading to the completion of the Palace of Queluz and the inauguration of the Palace of Ajuda and other new monuments.^[1] The death of her husband in 1786, followed by the deaths in 1788 of her eldest son, José, and her confessor Inácio de São Caetano, caused the queen to develop clinical depression. Her second son, João, then served as prince regent. With Napoleon's European conquests, Maria and her court moved to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in 1807. After Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in 1815, Maria became Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Upon her death in 1816, her son succeeded her as King Dom João VI.

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